Tree: Reducing the use of restrictive practices on psychiatric wards through virtual reality immersive technology training

Table 3 Baseline comparison

Characteristic	VR (n = 34)	TAU (n = 21)	P value	Effective size	Power
Total GAD7 score, mean (SD)	2.88 (4.13)	4.32 (5.71)	0.663	0.0597	0.9998
Total GSE score, mean (SD)	32.71 (4.36)	31.14 (3.73)	0.295	0.142	0.9939
EDS measure
Item 1	4.29 (1.27)	3.71 (1.52)	0.166	0.194	0.9685
Item 2	4.50 (1.13)	3.90 (1.37)	0.93	0.205	0.9575
Item 3	5.53 (0.71)	5.43 (1.03)	0.986	0.0028	1
Item 4	4.79 (1.07)	5.14 (1.11)	0.209	0.179	0.9796
Item 5	5.35 (0.88)	4.71 (1.74)	0.363	0.136	0.9951
Item 6	5.62 (0.70)	5.71 (0.56)	0.722	0.0616	0.9998
Item 7	4.88 (0.98)	4.29 (0.90)	0.035a	0.296	0.7211
Item 8	5.06 (1.37)	4.29 (1.79)	0.096	0.239	0.9028
Item 9	5.09 (1.22)	3.71 (1.79)	0.005b	0.395	0.258
Total BAT12 score	27.24 (6.99)	25.67 (7.00)	0.423	0.2211	0.1225
Compassionate
To others	78.03 (11.65)	82.86 (8.36)	0.109	0.4458	0.3511
From others	68.56 (18.65)	67.62 (24.65)	0.874	0.0435	0.0527
Compassion engagement
To others	42.97 (8.65)	46.67 (6.97)	0.101	0.4564	0.3651
From others	37.94 (11.92)	39.14 (14.79)	0.742	0.0907	0.0619
Compassionate action
To others	35.06 (5.07)	36.19 (4.34)	0.377	0.121	0.9972
From others	30.62 (7.82)	28.48 (10.30)	0.55	0.0808	0.9995

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

VR: Virtual reality; TAU: Treatment as usual; GAD7: Generalised anxiety disorder assessment 7; GSE: General self-efficacy; EDS: Everyday Discrimination Scale; BAT12: Burnout Assessment Tool 12.