Global epidemiology of mental disorder in atrial fibrillation between 1998-2021: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 3 Meta-regression analysis of prevalence of mental health in atrial fibrillation

Possible source of heterogeneity	Number of studies	Coef (95%CI)	P value
Depression
Study design	24	0.40 (-0.18, 0.98)	0.18
Cross-sectional study	4	1.34 (0.21, 2.47)	0.02
Cohort study	6	-1.76 (-3.03, -0.49)	0.01
Others	14	-1.11 (-2.28, 0.05)	0.06
Region	24	0.46 (-0.12, 1.04)	0.11
Asia	5	-0.82 (-2.29, 0.64)	0.27
Europe	14	-0.12 (-1.33, 1.10)	0.85
North America	4	0.29 (-0.87, 1.44)	0.63
Oceania	1	0.16(-2.38, 2.70)	0.90
Age group	24	-0.67(-1.67, 0.33)	0.19
≥ 60	7	0.33 (-0.70, 1.36)	0.53
Other ages	17	-0.33 (-1.36, 0.70)	0.53
Diagnostic criteria	24	-0.22(0.45, 0.02)	0.07
BDI	2	0.28 (-2.22, 2.78)	0.83
HADS	6	-2.96 (-2.23, 1.64)	0.76
PHQ-9	6	0.02 (-1.86, 1.91)	0.98
MDI	1	0.93 (-1.56, 3.42)	0.47
CES-D	1	0.40 (-1.95, 2.76)	0.74
ICD	6	-1.73 (-3.64, 0.17)	0.07
GDS	2	0.44 (-1.60, 2.48)	0.67
Anxiety
Region	13	-0.24 (-1.01, 0.52)	0.53
Asia	2	-1.03 (-2.87, 0.81)	0.27
Europe	8	1.00 (-0.98, 2.97)	0.32
North America	3	1.14 (-1.16,3.43)	0.32
Study design	13	-0.21 (-1.07, 0.65)	0.63
Cross-sectional study	1	1.95 (-0.59, 4.50)	0.13
Cohort study	4	-1.30 (-2.61, 0.01)	0.05
Others	8	1.22 (-0.15, 2.60)	0.08
Age group	13	-1.38 (-2.53, -0.24)	0.02
≥ 60	5	1.15 (-0.13, 2.43)	0.08
Other ages	8	-1.15 (-2.43, 0.13)	0.08
Diagnostic criteria	14	-0.84 (-1.63, -0.05)	0.04
STAI	1	0.15 (-2.01, 2.32)	0.89
HADS	9	0.07 (-1.54, 1.67)	0.94
ICD	3	-2.36 (-4.11, -0.61)	0.01
GAD	1	0.51 (-2.10, 3.13)	0.70

BDI: Beck depression inventory; CES-D: Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; GAD: Generalized anxiety disorder scale; GDS: Geriatric depression scale; HADS: Hospital anxiety and depression scale; ICD: International classification of diseases; MDI: Major depression inventory; PHQ-9: Patient health questionnaire; STAI: Stait-trait anxiety inventory.