Global epidemiology of mental disorder in atrial fibrillation between 1998-2021: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 2 Prevalence of mental health in atrial fibrillation patients

Study or subgroup	Prevalence (95%CI)	I² (%)	P value
Depression
Overall prevalence	22.0 (0.207, 0.233)	100	< 0.001
Prevalence in adults	24.3 (0.228, 0.257)	100	< 0.001
Gender
Male	11.7 (0.088, 0.147)	97.3	< 0.001
Female	19.8 (0.144, 0.252)	98.7	< 0.001
Age group
≥ 60 yr	40.3 (0.264, 0.541)	100	< 0.001
Other ages	20.4 (0.188, 0.221)	100.0	< 0.001
Study design
Cross-sectional study	58.2 (0.468, 0.695)	91.7	< 0.001
Cohort study	15.3 (0.124, 0.182)	100	< 0.001
Others	24.4 (0.217, 0.271)	99.9	< 0.001
Region
Asia	8.6 (0.072, 0.100)	100	< 0.001
Europe	30.2 (0.274, 0.330)	99.9	< 0.001
North America	28.8 (0.145, 0.431)	99.3	< 0.001
Oceania	29.0 (0.242, 0.341)	0	-
Diagnostic criteria
BDI	43.4 (0.370, 0.499	0	-
HADS	32.3 (0.187, 0.459)	99.5	< 0.001
PHQ-9	34.4 (0.225, 0.463)	98.3	< 0.001
MDI	72.8 (0.693, 0.761)	0	-
CES-D	29.0 (0.242, 0.341)	0	-
ICD	6.3 (0.039, 0.087)	100	< 0.001
GDS	44.1 (0.380, 0.503)	41.2	0.183
Anxiety
Overall prevalence	13.0 (0.117, 0.142)	99.9	< 0.001
Prevalence in adults	14.5 (0.132, 0.158)	99.7	< 0.001
Gender
Male	8.7 (0.063, 0.111)	97.9	< 0.001
Female	10.1 (0.069, 0.133)	97.3	< 0.001
Age group
≥ 60yr	33.6 (0.246, 0.425)	95.2	< 0.001
Other ages	7.6 (0.063, 0.088)	99.7	< 0.001
Region
Asia	1.1 (0.010, 0.012)	-	-
Europe	13.9 (0.118, 0.159)	99.2	< 0.001
North America	19.8 (0.149, 0.248)	-	-
Study design
Cross-sectional study	42.0 (0.322, 0.523)	0	-
Cohort study	8.1 (0.053, 0.109)	99.2	< 0.001
Other	24.8 (0.218, 0.277)	99.6	< 0.001
Diagnostic criteria
STAI	28.7 (0.201, 0.386)	-	-
HADS	31.2 (0.174, 0.449)	99.4	< 0.001
ICD	2.6 (0.013, 0.039)	-	-
GAD	24.0 (0.217, 0.265)	-	-

BDI: Beck depression inventory; CES-D: Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; GAD: Generalized anxiety disorder scale; GDS: Geriatric depression scale; HADS: Hospital anxiety and depression scale; ICD: International classification of diseases; MDI: Major depression inventory; PHQ-9: Patient health questionnaire; STAI: Stait-trait anxiety inventory.