Past, present, and future of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation: A review in psychiatric and neurological disorders

Table 8 Development of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation in Parkinson’s disease

Ref.	Method	Result	Adverse events	Significance
Spagnolo et al[84], 2014	10 Hz DTMS for PF stimulation	UPDRS was improved	Slight and transitory hypotension and headache	DTMS might be a safe treatment for PD motor symptoms
Cohen et al[87], 2018	M1 + PFC or M1	M1 + PFC OR M1 group was improved in T-UPDRS and M-UPDRS	Mild and transient head discomfort, transient fatigue, and rare mild visual transient hallucinations during stimulation	DTMS improved PD motor symptoms but the effect was moderate
Torres et al[80], 2015	M1 + PFC	UPDRS was improved	Sleepiness, headaches, and nausea	DTMS improved motor, postural, and motivational symptoms of PD patients
Cohen et al[88], 2016	1 Hz DTMS M1 and 10 Hz DTMS PFC	UPDRS was improved	Headache, dizziness, pain in the head or neck during treatment; nausea, general weakness, and transient aggravation of gait disturbance	DTMS improved motor, but no advantage compared to sham treatment
Spagnolo et al[85], 2020	M1 + PFC or M1	UPDRS was improved	Mild, not-distressing, and transient dyskinesias	DTMS was a safe and potentially effective procedure
Cohen et al[87], 2018	1 Hz M1 or 10 Hz PFC	UPDRS was improved	Headache, nausea, and discomfort of the eye region or tearing of the eyes during stimulation	DTMS can decrease the subjective motor symptom severity and depression

PF: Bilateral prefrontal regions; M1 + PFC: Sequential stimulation of low frequency over the primary motor cortex and then high frequency over the prefrontal cortex; M1: Low-frequency stimulation over the primary motor cortex alone; UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; M-UPDRS: Motor UPDRS; T-UPDRS: Total UPDRS; DTMS: Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation; PFC: Prefrontal cortex; PD: Parkinson’s disease.