Past, present, and future of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation: A review in psychiatric and neurological disorders

Table 3 Development of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation in Schizophrenia

Ref.	Method	Result	Adverse events	Significance
Birdi et al[36], 2023	1 Hz DTMS stimulates LTPC	Significant improvement in AHRS score	Transient headache	DTMS treatment was effective for chronic auditory hallucinations in schizophrenic patients
Rosenberg et al[38], 2011	20 Hz DTMS stimulates PFC	Cognition and negative symptoms are improved	Transient headache and fatigue	DTMS can improve negative symptoms and cognitive deficits for schizophrenia patients
Rosenberg et al[38], 2011	1 Hz DTMS stimulates LTPC	Significant improvement in AHRS score	Mild and self-limiting headaches	DTMS had no significant effect on auditory hallucinations
Rabany et al[43], 2014	20 Hz DTMS stimulates PFC	SANS was significantly reduced	Unreported	DTMS was effective for negative symptoms, but the effect was moderate
Linsambarth et al[44], 2019	18 Hz DTMS stimulates bilateral PFC	SANS was significantly reduced	Temporary headaches, scalp aches, and toothaches	DTMS contributed to negative symptoms in schizophrenia
Moeller et al[42], 2022	10 HZ DTMS stimulates the insular and prefrontal cortices	The DTMS group had a more pronounced decrease in insula blood flow than the sham operation group	Unreported	DTMS in smoking patients with schizophrenia was effective

AHRS: Auditory Hallucinations Rating Scale; DTMS: Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation; PFC: Prefrontal cortex; SANS: Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; TPC: Temporoparietal cortex.