Past, present, and future of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation: A review in psychiatric and neurological disorders

Table 1 Development of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depression

Ref.	Method	Result	Adverse events	Significance
Levkovitz et al[13], 2009	20 Hz DTMS stimulates FPC	Significant improvement in HDRS scores	Headaches	This is the first time that TRD has been treated with the new H-coil
McGirr et al[14], 2014	20 Hz stimulates DLFPC	Reduction in HAMD-21 scores	Unreported	Five-factor personality assessment may have prognostic value in DTMS for resistant MDD
Levkovitz et al[15], 2015	20 Hz DTMS stimulates PFC	HDRS-21 score was improved by 6.39 points	Unreported	It is efficacious and safe in patients not responding to antidepressant medications, and the effect remains stable
Feffer et al[16], 2017	18 HZ DTMS stimulation; right abductor pollicis brevis muscle	Depressive symptoms (HDRS-21 total score) decreased significantly	Headaches	The severity of the depressive episode is associated with a positive therapeutic effect of dTMS
Kaster et al[17], 2018	18 HZ DTMS stimulates DLPFC and VLPFC	Remission rate was significantly higher with active than sham rTMS (40.0% vs 14.8%)	Pain and discomfort from stimulus	High-dose DTMS appears to be safe, well tolerated, and efficacious in the treatment of LLD
Tendler et al[18], 2018	10 HZ DTMS combined with SSRIs	The remission rate was 35.3%	Headaches	DTMS can augment formerly ineffective SSRI treatment
Filipčić et al[19], 2019	18 HZ DTMS stimulates LDLPFC	The response was significantly better in H1-coil than in 8-coil group (OR = 2.33; 95%CI: 1.04-5.21; P = 0.040)	Unreported	DTMS had better response rate than rTMS
Matsuda et al[20], 2020	18 Hz DTMS stimulates LDLPFC	HDRS-21 was more significantly improved	Unreported	DTMS might be effective and safe for office workers with treatment-resistant depression
Bahun et al[21], 2022	18 Hz stimulates DLFPC	Cognitive function all showed mild to moderate improvement	Unreported	Can improve MDD symptoms

DLFPC: Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; HDRS-21: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-21; DTMS: Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation; HAMD-21: 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; VLPFC: Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; MDD: Major depressive disorder.