Delivering substance use prevention interventions for adolescents in educational settings: A scoping review

Table 2 Curriculum interventions focusing on cognitive-behavioral skill enhancement

Ref.	Age/gender	Scope of application			Method	Content	Effect	Location
		Alcohol	Tobacco	Illicit drugs
Diaz Gomez et al[47], 2021	10-12 yr, all genders	Yes	Yes	-	Randomized controlled cluster study	Primavera is a prevention program that focuses on experiences and involves multiple modes of delivery. It spans several years and has a generic approach	Primavera is effective in decreasing alcohol consumption among school students	France
Kimber et al[48], 2009	Grades 7 to 9 (13-16 yrs), all genders	Yes	Yes	Yes	Nonrandomized five-year longitudinal design	Teachers offer weekly lessons on social and emotional training to students	A particular group of people derived benefits from the program	Sweden
Hecht et al[49], 2003	Grade 7, all genders	Yes	Yes	Yes	Randomized controlled trial	Interventions based on culture are conducted through 10 specific lessons and a media campaign utilizing a model of cultural resilience	The intervention had a considerable and noteworthy effect on individual consumption of alcohol, cigarettes, and cannabis	United States
Unger et al[50], 2004	Grade 6, all genders	-	Yes	-	Participatory research	The Project Fun Learning About Vitality, Origins, and Respect is a curriculum that promotes multicultural education	The project successfully stopped hispanic boys from starting smoking but had no impact on other groups	United States
Walker et al[51], 2011	14-19 yr (Grade 9-12), all genders	-	-	Yes	Randomized controlled trial	Motivational enhancement therapy, educational feedback control, and delayed feedback control	Participants stated that they used cannabis less frequently and experienced fewer negative outcomes	United States
Faggiano et al[52], 2010	12-14 yr, all genders	Yes	Yes	Yes	Cluster randomized controlled trial	The program involved a 12-h curriculum that was developed using a thorough social influence approach	Alcohol abuse and marijuana use showed a consistent improvement, whereas smoking displayed no change	Spain, Belgium, Germany, Sweden, Greece, Italy, and Austria
Dent et al[53], 2001	14-17 yr, all genders	Yes	Yes	Yes	Randomized controlled trial	Project Toward No Drug Abuse: Standard care and classroom education program	Over a period of one year after the program, this population saw statistically significant changes in alcohol and illicit drug use	United States
Hanewink et al[54], 2004	Grades 5 and 6 (mean age 11.4 yr), all genders	-	Yes	-	Randomized controlled trial	The smoking prevention program utilized a life-skills approach and included 21 sessions	The program did not have a distinct impact on the current smoking rate (percentage of people who smoked in the past 4 wk)	Austria, Denmark, Luxemboug, and Germany
Botvin et al[55], 2001	Grades 7 to 9, all genders	Yes	-	-	Randomized controlled trial	A proactive approach that educates individuals on resisting alcohol and drug consumption, promoting healthy social norms, and providing material to encourage personal and social skill-building	The prevention program was effective in protecting against episodes of excessive drinking	United States
Botvin et al[56], 1999	Grade 7 (mean age 12.9 yr), girls	-	Yes	-	Randomized controlled trial	This program consists of 15 sessions aimed at teaching social resistance skills within a broader initiative that aims to promote general personal and social competence skills	The number of urban minority girls who started smoking or increased their smoking habits was significantly reduced	United States
Shope et al[57], 1998	Grade 6 (mean age 12 yr), all genders	Yes	Yes	Yes	Participatory research	The students in the curriculum group were taught about alcohol, tobacco (including cigarettes and smokeless tobacco), marijuana, and cocaine	The curriculum achieved short-term effectiveness by considerably decreasing the rising rates of alcohol consumption and addiction, tobacco use, cocaine intake, and other types of substance abuse	United States
Sloboda et al[58], 2009	Between seventh and ninth grade, all genders	Yes	Yes	Yes	Randomized field trial	TCYL offers students essential life skills, which include communication, decision-making, assertiveness, and refusal skills	TCYL had a negative impact on students’ use of alcohol and tobacco as a result of medical treatment	United States

TCYL: Take charge of your life.