Psychiatrists’ occupational stigma conceptualization, measurement, and intervention: A literature review

Table 3 Intervention of comprehensive strategies

Strategy	Type	Content	Target	Objective
[143]Lecture	Education + direct contact	Video + personal experience + questions and answers (50 min)	Undergraduate	Increase knowledge of depression and help-seeking willingness
[144]Three-stage intervention paradigm	Education + direct contact + indirect contact	Dance-drama + lectures + direct contact (2 h)	Undergraduate	Increase understanding and tolerance toward patients with mental illness; Decrease negative review, negative labels and social distance toward patients with mental illness
[145]Filmed theatrical intervention based on a personal narrative	Education + indirect contact	Filmed version of a one-woman stage play performed by a recognized educator and speaker on the lived experience of mental illness and recovery (50-min)	Health-care service providers, university students in a health-care-related course, people with BD and their friends and family members and the general public	Decrease stigma toward people with BD among health-care service provider (significant/sustainable); others (more limited)
[146]Course	Education + direct contact + indirect contact	Lecture + watch videos/movie + in-class discussion + direct contact + roleplay + action project (18 wk)	Occupational therapy students	Decrease stigma toward mental illness and social distance
[147]Course	Education + direct contact + indirect contact	Teaching (42 h) + movie (3/4 h) + contact + presentations (2 h) + clinical correlations (6 h)	Medical students	Increase student confidence; Decrease stigma toward mental illness
[148]Course	Education + direct contact + indirect contact	Face-to-face (45 min) + video-based contact (40 min) + educational lecture (90-min)	Medical students	Decrease stigma toward mental illness
[149]Case discussion	Education + direct contact + indirect contact	Document patient strengths and treatment recommendations; Group presentation discussion (10 wk)	Primary care providers	Increase willingness to help and hope for recovery; Decrease negative stereotypes
[150]Course	Education + direct contact	Personal experience + questions and answers (69-90 min)	Pharmacy students	Decrease stigma toward mental illness
[151]Workshop	Education + direct contact	Workshop (4 d): Knowledge teaching + personal experience + questions and answers	Public Health Services administrators	Decrease stigma toward patients with mental illness
[152]Workshop	Education + direct contact	Workshop (1 h): Knowledge teaching + personal experience	Social work students	Decrease stigma toward mental illness
[153]Course	Education + direct contact	Panel discussion (2 h) + visit rehabilitation center + Small group discussion (20 min)	Medical students	Decrease stigma toward patients with mental illness and psychiatry
[154]Curriculum	Education + direct contact	Courses + clinical practice + stigma views and policy (14 d)	Community mental health staff	Increase related knowledge; Decrease stigma
[155]Education program	Education + direct contact	Enhancing contact model: Psychoeducational training (4 wk) + single and group family contact (8 wk)	Family caregivers of persons with schizophrenia	Decrease stigma toward mental illness
[156]Education program	Education + direct contact	Lectures (2 h) + contact with people with lived experience of mental illness (1 h)	Community health and care staff	Decrease stigma toward mental illness
[157]Course	Education + indirect contact	Teaching + videos (3 h)	Psychology students	Improve attitude toward schizophrenia
[158]Virtual program	Education + indirect contact	Three consecutive interventions (14 h/2 d): 2 sessions (2.5 h) + e-contact (3.5 h) + project-based learning (5.5 h)	University students	Decrease stigma toward mental disorders
[159]Educational video	Education + indirect contact	Social contact film with general mental health education (30 min/2 mo intervals in 1 year)	University students	Decrease mental illness-related stigma
[160]Course	Education + indirect contact	Interactive workshop-style sessions (3.5 h/15 wk)	Primary care physicians	Increase skill and confidence; Decrease stigma toward mental illness
[161]Educational Video	Education + indirect contact	Video-based contact intervention (VBCI): Elements of psychoeducation and interviews (5 min)	Primary care nurses	Improve attitude toward patients with mental illness in short term
[163]Educational video	Education + indirect contact	YouTube videos (5-10 min)	Muslin adults aged 18 and over	Decrease stigma toward mental illness
[164]Lecture	Education + direct contact	Personal experience + Interaction	High school students	Decrease stigma toward mental illness
[165]Education program	Education + direct contact	Educational program (1 d)	Adolescents	Education decreases stigma toward mental illness; Direct contact fails
[166]Course	Education + direct contact	Education with PBL: Problem-based learning model + direct contact	Nursing students	Improve positive attitude toward mental illness
[167]Online focus group	Education + direct contact + indirect contact	Education + relationship strategies + media contact	Senior undergraduate nursing students	Minimize the negative impact on the people they take care of
[168]Sessions	Education + direct contact	Five sessions (3 d)	Caregivers of mental health service users	Improve family relations and understanding of mental illness

BD: Bipolar disorder.