Psychiatrists’ occupational stigma conceptualization, measurement, and intervention: A literature review

Table 2 Intervention of education

Strategy	Target	Content	Objective
[119]Education training	Family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia	Teaching related knowledge and skills (90 min/8 sessions)	Reduce stigma toward patients with schizophrenia
[120]Anti-stigma training	Care assistant workers	Financial assistance policy of care assistant workers + mental health knowledge (2 h) + stigma related to mental illness (1 h)	Reduce stigma toward patients with mental illness
[121]Anti-stigma training	Community mental health staff	Two parts: Knowledge introduction + stigma related to mental illness (1 d)	Increase mental health knowledge; Reduce stigma toward patients with mental illness and social distance
[122]Anti-stigma training	Probation officers	Six modules in PPT about overview of severe and persistent mental illnesses; information about key diagnoses and the medications; services associated with those diagnoses	Increase mental health knowledge; Reduce stigma toward mental illness and behavior tendency
[123]NECT	Persons with severe mental illness	20 sessions (1 h): (1) Introduction (1 wk); (2) Psychoeducation (3 wk); (3) Cognitive restructuring (8 wk); and (4) Narrative enhancement (8 wk)	Reduce stigma toward mental illness
[124]Educational workshop	High School Students	Classroom-based workshop: (1) Introduction: Mental illness and public stigma; (2) Education; and (3) Treatment of mental illness and available community resources (1 h)	Reduce stigma toward mental illness
[125]Educational videos	High school students and college students	Educational film (10 min): (1) BMM about mental illness; or (2) RCM advocated by experts	Reduce more stigma in BMM than RCM
[126]END	Medical students	Short lecture; testimonies about the experiences and stigma; role-plays	Increase mental health knowledge; Reduce stigma toward mental illness and behavior tendency
[127]Mental health first aid training	Pharmacy and non-pharmacy students	Identify, understand, and respond to signs of mental illnesses and substance use disorders (8 h); Methods: Videos, role play sessions, action plan creation, discussion, and other interactive activities	Reduce stigma toward mental illness

BMM: Biomedical messages; END: Education not discrimination project; NECT: Narrative enhancement cognitive therapy; PPT: Power point; RCM: Recommended messages.