Psychiatrists’ occupational stigma conceptualization, measurement, and intervention: A literature review

Table 1 Measurement tool of psychiatrists’ occupational stigma

Scale title	Target	Content	Item	Dimension
[89]THCT	Public	Measure public trust in medical professionals and health care team	29	7 dimensions: Stigma-based discrimination; communication skills; system trust; loyalty; confidentiality; fairness; general trust
[90]PPOSS	Patients	Measure the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of occupational stigma	19	3 dimensions: Stereotype (6 items); prejudice (7 items); discrimination (6 items)
[94]SDS	Public	Measure stigmatizing public perceptions of and behavioral inclinations toward the physicians	8	Single dimension
[97]Public attitudes towards psychiatrists’ questionnaire	Public	Measure the public's unfavorable views and impressions of psychiatrists' professionalism, mental health, occupational authority and ethical standards	8	Single dimension
[98]OSCS	Practitioners	Measure the stigma awareness of practitioners in the service industry	6	Single dimension
[100]E16-COVID19-S	Practitioners	Measure specific aspects of physician occupational stigma	16	3 dimensions: Personalized stigma (8 items); concerns of disclosure and public attitudes (5 items); negative experiences (3 items)
[101]PSCP	Physicians	Measure perception of COVID-19-induced stigma in healthcare workers	10	2 dimensions: Environmental stigmatization; the perception of personal stigmatization
[103]Self-designed stigma questionnaire	Physicians	Measure mental health stigma	12	Single dimension
[104]DAQ	Medical students	Measure stigmatization of physicians suffering from mental disorders	3	Single dimension
[105]SOSS-D	Doctors	Measure the stigma of occupational stress and burnout among physicians	11	3 dimensions: Perceived structural stigma (5 items); perceived individual stigma (3 items); perceived other related stigma (3 items)
[106]MHPSS	Mental Health Professionals	Measure occupational stress and burnout stigma in mental health professionals	13	4 dimensions: Perceived other stigma (3 items); perceived structural stigma (4 items); personal stigma (3 items);self-stigma (3 items)
[107]PIOSS	Physicians	Measure physicians' identification with negative labels, perceptions of devaluation and discrimination, as well as the denial and disapproval of their own profession	19	3 dimensions: Label identification (5 items); status loss (8 items); career denial (6 items)
[108]FSS	Forensic	Measure internalized occupational stigma	12	2 dimensions: Dangerousness/unpredictability (7 items); responsibility/blame (5 items)
[13]Mental health professionals’ questionnaire	Mental health professionals	Measure the perceived associative stigma	4	Single dimension
[110]Measuring Psychiatrist occupational stigma scale (the scale a)	Psychiatrists	Measure perceived stigma in terms of the perception of societal stereotypes	16	Single dimension
[110]Measuring Psychiatrist occupational stigma scale (the scale b)	Psychiatrists	Measure self-stigma in terms of stereotype agreement	16	Single dimension
[110]Measuring Psychiatrist occupational stigma scale (the scale c)	Psychiatrists	Measure perceived stigma in terms of structural discrimination	5	Single dimension
[110]Measuring Psychiatrist occupational stigma scale (the scale d)	Psychiatrists	Measure discrimination experiences	13	Single dimension
[110]Measuring Psychiatrist occupational stigma scale (the scale e)	Psychiatrists	Measure stigma outcomes	5	Single dimension

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; DAQ: Discriminative attitude questionnaire; FSS: Forensic Stigma Scale; OSCS: Occupational Stigma Consciousness Scale; PIOSS: Physician Internalized Occupational Stigma Scale; PPOSS: Patient Toward Physician Occupational Stigma Scale; PSCP: Perception of Stigma due to COVID-19 in Physicians; SDS: Social Distance Scale; SOSS-D: Stigma of Occupational Stress Scale for Doctors; THCT: Trust in doctors in general and Trust in the health care team scales.