Identification and treatment of individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorder: An expert consensus statement

doi:10.5498/wjp.v13.i3.84

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Mar 19, 2023 (publication date) through Jul 5, 2024

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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2220-3206

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Expert Consensus

World J Psychiatry. Mar 19, 2023; 13(3): 84-112
Published online Mar 19, 2023. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v13.i3.84

Table 3 Potential increased risks from use of recreational drugs in people treated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication

Substance	Risks	Risk level	Antidotes
Alcohol	Intoxication, dependence	++
Cannabis (d9THC)	Anxiety, paranoia	+	Benzodiazepines
Cocaine	Cardiac problems, seizures	+++	b-blockers – benzodiazepines
LSD/psychedelics	Paranoia	+	Risperidone/olanzapine
Ketamine	Dependence, bladder damage	++
MDMA	Cardiac problems	++	b-blockers
Methamphetamine	Dependence, paranoia	++	Risperidone/olanzapine
Nitrous oxide	Intoxication, neuropathy	+	Vitamin B12
Opioids	Respiratory depression, dependence	++	Naloxone naltrexone
Sedatives	Intoxication, ataxia	+	Flumazenil (for benzos)
Spice/synthetic cannabinoids	Cardiac problems, seizures	+++	Rimonabant

+: Moderate risk; ++: Considerable risk; +++: High risk; LSD: Lysergic acid diethylamide; MDMA: Methylenedioxymethamphetamine.

Citation: Young S, Abbasian C, Al-Attar Z, Branney P, Colley B, Cortese S, Cubbin S, Deeley Q, Gudjonsson GH, Hill P, Hollingdale J, Jenden S, Johnson J, Judge D, Lewis A, Mason P, Mukherjee R, Nutt D, Roberts J, Robinson F, Woodhouse E, Cocallis K. Identification and treatment of individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorder: An expert consensus statement. World J Psychiatry 2023; 13(3): 84-112
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v13/i3/84.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v13.i3.84