Identification and treatment of individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorder: An expert consensus statement

Table 1 Pharmacology of commonly used recreational drugs that might be used by people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Drug type	Primary target	Main effects/transmitters	Other actions	Antagonists/blockers
Opiates	Mu opiate receptors		Kappa and delta opiate receptors	Naltrexone
				Naloxone
				Nalmefene
Stimulants
Cocaine	DAT	Inc. Dopamine	Local anesthetic Inc. 5HT	[BP-897 partial agonist]
Amphetamines	DAT	Inc. Dopamine		Mecamylamine
Nicotine	Nicotinic ACH receptor	Inc. Dopamine		Varenicline
Sedatives
Ethanol	GABA/glut	Inc. GABA	1Inc. Dopamine	No
Benzos	GABA	Dec. glutamate		Flumazenil
GHB	GABA	Inc. GABA		No
Solvents	N/A			No
Cannabis	CB1 receptors	1Dopamine		Rimonabant
Ecstasy	5HT transporter	Inc. 5HT	Some DA release	1SSRIs
LSD	5HT 2 receptors	Stimulate 5HT		5HT2 receptor antagonists

¹Postulated but not proven.

Column 2 lists the primary molecular targets for the different pharmacological classes of drugs. Column 3 lists the neurotransmitters that are impacted by the interactions listed in column 2. Column 4 lists other molecular targets that these drugs can influence. Column 5 lists antagonists or blockers that can be used to stop or reverse the effects of the drugs. DAT: Dopamine transporter; GABA: Gamma-amino-butyric acid; inc: Increased; dec: decreased.