Risk factors, preventive interventions, overlapping symptoms, and clinical measures of delirium in elderly patients

Table 2 Common delirium assessment scales

Name	Time (min)	Application	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)	Rigorous training	Suitable for examining DSD
Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)[92,93]	3-10	No ICU	46-94	63-100	Yes	Yes
The 4A’s test (4AT)[94]	< 2	No ICU	86-100	65-82	No	Yes
The 12-item Stanford Proxy Test for Delirium (S-PTD)[95]	5	No ICU	80	90	No	No
Richmond Agitation Screening Scale (RASS)[96,97]	1	Delirium has just started	65-75	82-90	No	Yes
The Recognizing Acute Delirium As part of your Routine (RADAR)[98]	< 1	Delirium has just started	73	67	No	Yes
Confusion Assessment Method for ICU (CAM-ICU)[99]	< 5	ICU	28-100	53-99	Yes	Yes
Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC)[100]	7-10	ICU	73-97	69-97	Yes	No
Delirium Triage Screen (DTS)[101]	< 1	Screening	82	96.1	No	No
Ultra Brief 2 Item Screener (UB-2)[102,103]	< 1	Screening	93	64	No	No
Simple Question for Easy Evaluation of Consciousness (SQEEC)[104]	< 1	Screening	93	81	No	No
Delirium Rating Scale revised-98 (DRS-R98)[105]	20	Detailed neuropsychological assessment	57-93	82-98	Yes	Yes
Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS)[106]	7-10	Detailed neuropsychological assessment	64-82	75-100	Yes	No
CAM Severity (CAM-S)[107]	5	Detailed neuropsychological assessment	NR	NR	No	No

NR: Not reported; ICU: Intensive care unit; DSD: Delirium superimposed dementia.