Risk factors, preventive interventions, overlapping symptoms, and clinical measures of delirium in elderly patients

Table 1 Incidence and prevalence of delirium

Country or region/manuscript type	Medical scenario	Assessment method	Incidence (%)	Prevalence (%)
United States[1]	Community	NR	NR	1-2
Italy[79]	Community	DSM-5	NR	3.6
Spain[80]	Community	DSM-4	NR	0.96
Jordan[81]	Postcardiac surgery	CAM-ICU	9	NR
Poland[82]	Postcardiac surgery	DSM-5 (age ≥ 65 yr)	21.4	NR
		DSM-5 (age ≥ 80 yr)	33.5	NR
Czech[83]	ICU	CAM-ICU	26.1	NR
Systematic review[84]	ICU	Hyperactive	4	4
		Hypoactive	11	17
		Mixed	7	10
Canada[85]	Dementia Ward	CAM (MMSE ≥ 10)	1.6	3.4
		CAM (MMSE < 10)	6.9	33.3
Italy[86]	Dementia Clinic	CAM	NR	13.3
Australia[87]	Hospice care	DSM-5	40.2-45	42-88
Systematic review[88]	Hospice care	NA	29	35
Australia[89]	Post-stroke (3 d)	DSM-4	25	NR
Portugal[90]	Post-stroke (1 d)	DRS	2	NR
Systematic review[25]	Post-stroke	NA	NR	13-48
Holland[91]	Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic	DRS-R98 (probable)	NR	19
		DRS-R98	NR	2

NR: Not reported; NA: Not available; ICU: Intensive care unit; DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; DRS: Delirium Rating Scale; CAM: Confusion Assessment Method.