Psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder and their impact on the illness: A systematic review

Table 2 Rates of different psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder

Study groups	Delusions	Hallucinations	First-rank symptoms	Mood congruent symptoms	Mood incongruent symptoms
Lifetime BD (n = 6-16)	Mean = 69%; Median = 71%; Range: 29%-100%	Mean = 37%; Median = 32%; Range: 13%-100%	Mean = 17%; Median = 11%; Range: 4%-44%	Mean = 49%; Median = 47%; Range: 18%-90%	Mean = 37%; Median = 40%; Range: 3%-76%
Lifetime BP I (n = 4-8)	Mean = 55%; Median = 71%; Range: 25%-82%	Mean = 32%; Median = 32%; Range: 23%-43%	Mean = 22%; Median = 25%; Range: 1%-38%	Mean = 37%; Median = 34%; Range: 11%-70%	Mean = 36%; Median = 30%; Range: 19%-66%
Lifetime BP II (n = 0-1)	Mean = 4%; Median = 4%; Range: 4%	Mean = 1%; Median = 1%; Range: 1%	-	-	-
Current BD (n = 2-13)	Mean = 54%; Median = 49%; Range: 16%-99%	Mean = 26%; Median = 19%; Range: 10%-58%	Mean = 26%; Median = 24%; Range: 5%-49%	Mean = 39%; Median = 39% Range: 24%-35%	Mean = 42%; Median = 46%; Range: 8%-75%
Current BP I (n = 1)	-	-	-	Mean = 68%; Median = 68%; Range: 68%	Mean = 32%; Median = 32%; Range: 32%
Current BP II	-	-	-	-	-
Lifetime mania (n = 1-5)	BD and BP I Mean = 77%; Median = 77%; Range: 33%-98%	BD and BP I Mean = 83%; Median = 83%; Range: 55%-100%	Only BP I Mean = 45%; Median = 45%; Range: 34%-59%	Only BD Mean = 87%; Median = 87%; Range: 87%	Only BP I Mean = 74%; Median = 74% Range: 74%
Current mania (n = 8-25)	BD and BP I Mean = 57%; Median = 62%; Range: 11%-87%	BD and BP I Mean = 35%; Median = 41%; Range: 10%-55%	BD and BP I Mean = 28%; Median = 32%; Range: 6%-48%	BD and BP I Mean = 41%; Median = 36%; Range: 20%-87%	BD and BP I Mean = 34%; Median = 36%; Range: 9%-64%
Lifetime bipolar depression (n = 1-3)	BD and BP I Mean = 16%; Median = 16%; Range: 10%-20%	BD and BP I Mean = 25%; Median = 25%; Range: 4%-73%	Only BP I Mean = 18%; Median = 18%; Range: 18%	Only BD Mean = 100%; Median = 100%; Range: 100%	-
Current bipolar depression (n = 2-13)1	BD and BP I Mean = 28%; Median = 22%; Range: 6%-97%	BD and BP I Mean = 14%; Median = 9%; Range: 7%-73%	Only BD Mean = 14%; Median = 14%; Range: 8%-20%	BD and BP I Mean = 54%; Median = 54%; Range: 7%-100%	BD and BP I Mean = 7%; Median = 6%; Range: 0-32%
Lifetime mixed episodes (n = 0-3)	Only BD Mean = 66%; Median = 66%; Range: 33%-100%	Only BD Mean = 55%; Median = 55%; Range: 10%-100%	-	BD and BP I Mean = 64%; Median = 64%; Range: 28%-100%	Only BP I Mean = 72%; Median = 72%; Range: 72%
Current mixed episodes (n = 2- 8)	BD and BP I Mean = 55%; Median = 53%; Range: 19%-90%	BD and BP I Mean = 38%; Median = 38%; Range: 23%-67%	Only BP I Mean = 32%; Median = 32%; Range: 16%-49%	BD and BP I Mean = 27%; Median = 28%; Range: 14%-37%	BD and BP I Mean = 41%; Median = 39%; Range: 22%-63%

¹Lifetime rates of hallucinations in bipolar disorder type II: Mean = 17%, median = 17%, range: 13%-21%. Complete details in Supplementary Table 4. BD: Bipolar disorder; BP I: Bipolar disorder type I; BP II: Bipolar disorder type II.