Suicidal behavior-advances in clinical and neurobiological research and improvement of prevention strategies

Table 1 Allocation of single preventive measures to the overarching strategies of universal, selective, and indicated prevention

Type of prevention strategy	Prevention measures
Universal prevention strategies	Limitation of access to lethal means (e.g., control of analgesics and hot-spots for suicide by jumping)
	School-based awareness programs
	Initiatives with regard to public education and awareness
	Media education
	Access to health care
	Policies to reduce harmful use of alcohol or other substances
Selective prevention strategies	Education of physicians
	Gatekeeper training
	Psychological screening methods (e.g., measurement of implicit cognition by the IAT, smartphone-based interventions, real-time monitoring of suicidal thoughts and behaviors)
	ZS model
	Neurobiological screening methods; crisis helplines
Indicated prevention strategies	Assessment and management of suicidal behavior
	Psychopharmacologic treatment approaches (antidepressants [caveat], ketamine, lithium, clozapine)
	Psychotherapeutic treatment approaches (recent methods, specifically focusing on suicidal behavior)
	Assessment and management of substance abuse and other mental disorders
	Community support

IAT: Implicit Association Test; ZS: Zero Suicide.