Fear of COVID-19 and emotional dysfunction problems: Intrusive, avoidance and hyperarousal stress as key mediators

Table 1 Descriptive data and sex differences

Study variables	α	Total sample, n = 439		Females, n = 321		Males, n = 118		Mann-Whitney U test
		Mdn	Rng	Mdn	Rng	Mdn	Rng	U	P value	g
Fear of COVID-19	0.84	15	26	15	26	13	23	26026	< 0.001	0.37
Avoidance stress	0.83	8	28	9	27	6	23	15317	< 0.001	0.42
Intrusive stress	0.83	7	27	7	27	6	23	16208	0.001	0.38
Hyperarousal stress	0.84	6	27	7	25	5	27	16771	0.003	0.30
Depression	0.86	2	20	3	20	2	17	15536	0.004	0.27
Agoraphobia	0.83	3	19	3	19	2	15	16309	0.024	0.22
Obsessive-Compulsive	0.69	4	17	4	17	4	15	18604	0.775	0.01
Panic	0.88	1	19	1	19	0	16	16480	0.027	0.28
Health anxiety	0.87	3	20	3	18	3	20	17374	0.180	0.15
Generalized anxiety	0.91	5	20	6	20	3	20	13322	< 0.001	0.50
Social anxiety	0.84	3	20	4	19	2	20	15102	0.001	0.33

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; Mdn: Median; Rng: Range; U: Mann-Whitney U test; Hedge’s g effect size: Approximately 0.20 small, approximately 0.50 medium, approximately 0.80 large.