Mental health impact of the Middle East respiratory syndrome, SARS, and COVID-19: A comparative systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 2 39 studies that are included in meta-analysis for severe acute respiratory syndrome

Study ID	Ref.	Study type	Sample size	Country/region	Exposure	P value	Quality assessment (NOS)
1	Kwek et al[20]	Cross-sectional	360	Singapore	SARS patients	PTSD: 0.79; Depression: 0.7; Anxiety: 0.51	7
2	Fang et al[55]	Cross-sectional	1278	China	SARS patients	Anxiety: 0.291; Depression: 0.705; PTSD: 0.2	8
3	Liang[56]	Prospective cohort	769	China, Taiwan	SARS patients	PTSD: > 0.05; Anxiety: > 0.05	7
4	Dang et al[57]	Cross-sectional	549	China	General public	Anxiety: < 0.00001; Depression: 0.000361	7
5	Yip[58]	Prospective cohort	218	China, Hong Kong	SARS patients	Not specified	6
6	Cheng et al[59]	Cross-sectional	10	China, Hong Kong	SARS patients	Anxiety: > 0.05; Depression: > 0.05	5
7	Wu et al[60]	Cross-sectional	286	China, Hong Kong	SARS patients	PTSD: < 0.001; Depression: < 0.05; Anxiety: < 0.01	6
8	MaK et al[61]	Retrospective cohort	126	China, Hong Kong	SARS patients	Not specified	5
9	Lee et al[62]	Cross-sectional	10511	China, Hong Kong	Were not HCWs	Not specified	7
10	Hong et al[63]	Cross-sectional	1050	China	SARS patients	PTSD: 0.0323	7
11	Wang[64]	Prospective cohort	22	China	SARS patients	Not specified	4
12	Hu et al[65]	Cross-sectional	763	China	Attended hospital for other reasons	Not specified	5
13	Chen et al[66]	Prospective cohort	325	China, Taiwan	Non-infected HCWs in the largest obligatory SARS hospital, with high SARS contact	Anxiety: 0.55 Depression: 0.93	6
14	Ko et al[67]	Cross-sectional	72	China, Taiwan	General public of outbreak area	Depression: 0.02	5
15	Lee et al[21]	Cross-sectional	114	China, Hong Kong	General public of outbreak area	Not specified	6
16	Hawryluck et al[68]	Cross-sectional	652	Canada, Toronto	General public of outbreak area	Depression: 0.85; PTSD: 0.82	7
17	Liu et al[69]	Cross-sectional	96	China, Beijing	Non-infected HCWs of SARS hospital	Depression: < 0.05	7
18	Su et al[70]	Prospective cohort	57	China, Taiwan	Non-infected HCWs in SARS outbreak region with high exposure risk vs low exposure risk	PTSD: > 0.05; Depression: < 0.05	7
19	Lam et al[71]	Retrospective cohort	116	China, Hong Kong	SARS patients	Not specified	6
20	Shi et al[72]	Prospective cohort	87	China, Beijing	SARS outbreak region	Not specified	5
21	Huang et al[73]	Cross-sectional	4481	China, Beijing	Were not HCWs	Not specified	6
22	Yu et al[74]	Prospective cohort	180	China, Hong Kong	General public of outbreak area	Not specified	5
23	Chang and Sivam[75]	Cross-sectional	146	Singapore	General public of outbreak area	Not specified	5
24	Moldofsky and Patcai[76]	Retrospective cohort	107	Canada, Toronto	SARS patients, who were HCWs	Not specified	6
25	Sun et al[77]	Prospective cohort	1557	China, Xianxi	SARS patients	PTSD: 0.67	7
26	Lau et al[78]	Cross-sectional	333	China, Hong Kong	General public of outbreak area	Not specified	5
27	Reynolds et al[79]	Cross-sectional	89	Canada	General public of outbreak area, quarantined; non-infected HCWs in SARS outbreak region, quarantined	Not specified	5
28	Lancee et al[80]	Cross-sectional	613	Canada, Toronto	Non-infected HCWs in SARS outbreak region	Not specified	6
29	Lin et al[81]	Cross-sectional	6280	China, Taiwan, Taichung	Non-infected HCWs in in region without major SARS outbreak	Not specified	6
30	Gao et al[82]	Prospective cohort	127	China, Tianjin	SARS patients	Not specified	5
31	Xu et al[83]	Cross-sectional	129	China, Xianxi	Non-infected HCWs in SARS hospital	PTSD: > 0.05	6
32	Wong et al[84]	Cross-sectional	0 (?)	China, Hong Kong	Non-infected HCWs from SARS hospitals	Not specified	4
33	Sim et al[85]	Cross-sectional	90	Singapore	Non-infected HCWs in SARS outbreak region	Not specified	5
34	Wu et al[19]	Cross-sectional	133	China, Beijing	Non-infected HCWs in SARS hospital	Not specified	6
35	Chen et al[86]	Cross-sectional	103	China, Taiwan, Kaohsiung	Non-infected HCWs in SARS hospital, with high SARS contact; non-infected HCWs in SARS hospital; with low SARS contact	Not specified	6
36	Tham et al[87]	Cross-sectional	90	Singapore	Non-infected HCWs in SARS hospital with extra risk of exposure	Not specified	5
37	Maunder et al[88]	Cross-sectional	90	Canada, Toronto	Non-infected HCWs of outbreak area, unspecified (mix of SARS affected and non SARS affected hospitals	PTSD: < 0.01	7
38	Mak et al[89]	Retrospective cohort	126	China, Hong Kong	SARS patient	Not specified	6
39	McAlonan et al[90]	Cross-sectional	0 (?)	China, Hong Kong	Non-infected HCWs in SARS outbreak region with high exposure risk vs low exposure risk	Not specified	3

PTSD: Post-traumatic stress disorder; MERS: Middle East respiratory syndrome; HCW: Healthcare worker; CI: Confidence interval; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2.