Effects of mindfulness-based intervention programs on sleep among people with common mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Characteristics of studies

Ref.	Country	Sample	Age range (mean)	Women, n (%)	Randomisation	Intervention group (comparison group)	Intervention duration	Group size for effect size calculation, n	Drop-out rate1 (%)	Outcome measure for sleep
Wahbeh[29], 2018	United States	Older adult with depression symptoms	55-80 (64.8)	21 (81)	R	IMMI (waitlist control)	6 wk	I = 26 C = 24	20.00	Sleep disturbance, ISI
Boettcher et al[50], 2014	Germany	Community dwellers with anxiety disorders	18+ (37)	34 (75.6)	R	IMMI (discussion forum control group)	8 wk	I = 45 C = 46	7.69	ISI
Wahbeh et al[47], 2016	United States	Combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder	25-65 (I = 53.3; C = 53.0)	2 (7)	R	MM (sitting quietly)	6 wk	I = 27 C = 25	0	PSQI
Britton et al[49], 2012	United States	Antidepressant medication users with sleep complaints	24-61 (47.0)	21 (80.8)	R	MBCT (control)	8 wk	I = 14 C = 10	7.69	TIB, TST, SE, SOL, WASO, TWT, Stage 1, SWS, Quality
Vøllestad et al[51], 2011	Norway	Community dwellers with anxiety disorders	18-65 (42.5)	26 (66.7)	R	MBSR (waitlist control)	8 wk	I = 39 C = 37	14	BIS
Britton et al[48], 2010	United States	Community dwellers with partially remitted depression	33-64 (45.4)	9 (69.2)	R	MBCT (control)	8 wk	I = 13 C = 8	19.23	TIB, TST, SE, SOL, WASO, NWAK, Arousals, Stage 1, SWS, Quality
Hoge et al[52], 2013	United States	Referral/community dwellers with generalized anxiety disorder	18+ (I = 41; C = 37)	23 (47.9)	R	MBSR (stress management education)	8 wk	I = 48 C = 45	4.30	Sleep quality, PSQI
Horenstein et al[45], 2019	United States	Adults with social anxiety disorder	18+ (32.7)	Not specified	R	MBSR (control)	12 wk	I = 36 C = 36	15.28	Sleep quality, PSQI
Pinniger et al[46], 2013	Australia	Adults with self-reported feelings of stress, anxiety, and/or depression	18-68 (39.5)	10 (90.9)	R	MM (waitlist control)	8 wk	I = 11 C = 23	30.60	Sleeping difficulty/insomnia, ISI
Stötter et al[31], 2013	Austria	Patients of the psychiatric hospital of Hall in Tirol	18+ (I = 42.8; C = 41.4)	11 (68.75)	R	MBTT (control)	8 wk	I = 14 C = 14	0	Sleep-onset disorder, Sleep maintenance disorders, Terminal sleep disorders, HDRS

¹When there are multiple intervention groups, the drop-out rate is based on the number of participants in Mindfulness-Based Program and comparison group only.

BIS: Bergen insomnia scale; C: Comparison group; I: Intervention; HDRS: Hamilton's depression rating scale; IMMI: Internet mindfulness meditation intervention; MBCT: Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy; MBSR: Mindfulness-based stress reduction; MBTT: Mindfulness-based touch therapy; NWAK: Number of awakenings; ISI: Insomnia severity index therapy; MM: Mindfulness meditation; PSQI: Pittsburgh sleep quality index; R: Randomised; SE: Sleep efficiency; SOL: Sleep onset latency; Stage 1: Sleep onset was defined by the first epoch of any stage of sleep; SWS: Short-wave sleep; TIB: Time in bed; TST: Total sleep time; TWT: Total wake time; WASO: Wake after sleep onset.