Does COVID-19 increase the risk of neuropsychiatric sequelae? Evidence from a mendelian randomization approach

Table 1 Mendelian randomization analysis testing (A) severe, (B) hospitalized and (C) all COVID-19 forms against Alzheimer and anxiety risk in European ancestry

Disease	MR-Base ID	#IVs	P value	OR [95%CI]
(A)
AD	NA1	8	0.193	1.006 [0.998; 1.014]
GAD	ukb-d-20544_15	5	0.090	1.006 [0.998; 1.014]
(B)
AD	NA1	3	0.047	1.018 [1.000; 1.036]
GAD	ukb-d-20544_15	3	0.250	1.010 [0.994; 1.026]
(C)
AD	NA1	10	0.169	1.014 [0.994; 1.034]
GAD	ukb-d-20544_15	5	0.580	1.006 [0.985; 1.028]

¹Not available on MR-Base (see Data Availability statement or [5] for details).

Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals and P value from Mendelian randomization analyses are reported for each disorder tested as outcome against the three forms of coronavirus disease 2019 tested as exposure, with the number of instrumental variants (#IVs) analyzed. MR: Mendelian randomization; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; GAD: Generalized anxiety disorder; OR: Odds ratios; CI: Confidence interval; NA: Not available.