Drug-induced stuttering: A comprehensive literature review

doi:10.5498/wjp.v12.i2.236

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Feb 19, 2022 (publication date) through Jan 13, 2025

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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2220-3206

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Psychiatry. Feb 19, 2022; 12(2): 236-263
Published online Feb 19, 2022. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i2.236

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Figure 1 Schematic graph of direct and indirect pathways of basal ganglia. A: Direct pathway; B: Indirect pathway. A1: A1 adenosine receptor; A2A: A2A adenosine receptor; D1: D1 dopamine receptor; D2: D2 dopamine receptor; GABA: Gamma-aminobutyric acid; Glu: Glutamate; Gpe: External segment of the globus pallidus; Gpi: Internal segment of the globus pallidus; M1: M1 muscarinic receptor; M4: M4 muscarinic receptor; MSN: Medium-sized spiny neurons; NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; SNpr: Substantia nigra pars reticulate; STN: Subthalamic nucleus.

Citation: Nikvarz N, Sabouri S. Drug-induced stuttering: A comprehensive literature review. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12(2): 236-263
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v12/i2/236.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v12.i2.236