Catatonia in older adults: A systematic review

Table 4 Catatonia etiology in older people

Psychiatric disorders	General medical conditions	Drugs and toxic substances
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Schizophrenia; Schizoaffective disorder; Brief psychotic disorder; Psychosis not otherwise specified. Affective disorders: Major depressive disorder; Bipolar disorder. Others psychiatric disorders: Post-traumatic stress disorder; Conversive disorder; Adjustment disorder; Substance use disorder	Neurologic: Dementia: Alzheimer´s dementia; Frontotemporal dementia; Lewy bodies dementia; Mixed dementia; Organic dementia; Dementia not otherwise specified. Epilepsy. Cerebrovascular disease; Parkinson´s disease. Others: Cerebral anoxia; Creutzfeldt-Jakob’s disease; Epidural empyema; Frontotemporal lobes atrophy; Cerebral Whipple’s disease; Progressive supranuclear palsy. Metabolic: Acute renal failure; Heart failure; Liver failure; Post liver transplantation; Dehydration; Hyponatremia; Hypernatremia. Infectious: Urinary tract infection; Pneumonia; COVID-19. Endocrine: Hyperparathyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Hyperthyroidism. Others: Cyanocobalamin deficiency; Colon tumor	Drugs: Regular use: Antipsychotics: Haloperidol; Droperidol; Loxapine; Pipotiazine; Trifluoperazine; Tiapride; Aripiprazole; Risperidone; Quetiapine. Other drugs: Phenelzine; Allopurinol; Prednisone; Rivastigmine; Donepezil; Azithromycin; Cefepime; Amiodarone; Tacrolimus; Methotrexate; Imiquimod. Withdrawal: Benzodiazepines: Nitrazepam, diazepam, alprazolam, oxazepam, temazepam, clonazepam, chlordiazepoxide and lorazepam. Antipsychotics: Clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, chlorpromazine, levomepromazine, bromperidol, haloperidol and cyamemazine. Others: Amantadine, lithium, gabapentine. Toxic substances: Manganese

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.