Reduced paraoxonase 1 activities may explain the comorbidities between temporal lobe epilepsy and depression, anxiety and psychosis

Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical data of healthy controls and patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and patients with psychosis, depression and anxiety due to temporal lobe epilepsy (mean ± SD)

Variables	HC1	TLE2	TLE + PSY3	TLE + DEP4	TLE + ANX5	F/X2	df	P value
Age (yr)	37.4 (12.8)	40.0 (12.8)	37.9 (10.5)	39.0 (10.7)	37.0 (8.2)	0.34	4/141	0.849
Sex (♂/♀)	10/30	11/16	13/14	4/21	5/22	10.31	4	0.036
BMI (kg/m2 )	24.0 (4.3)	24.1 (4.0)	23.5 (3.7)	23.9 (4.3)	22.4 (4.3)	0.79	4/140	0.535
Married (No/Yes)	26/14	18/9	20/7	20/5	15/11	3.58	4	0.466
Education (yr)	14.2 (4.9)2,3,4,5	11.4 (4.7)1	9.4 (4.4)1	10.3 (5.4)1	10.8 (4.5)1	5.14	4/141	0.001
TUD (No/Yes)	38/2	24/3	23/4	21/4	23/4	Ψ = 0.136	-	0.607
Frequency seizures	-	29.1 (84.7)	19.1 (40.7)	8.0 (17.0)	9.7 (11.0)	0.99	3/89	0.402
Age onset TLE (yr)	-	17.8 (12.6)	12.2 (10.1)	17.6 (8.9)	16.1 (8.8)	1.75	3/100	0.162
Hx Aura (No/Yes)	-	6/21	5/22	7/18	8/19	1.15	3	0.766
Hx Postictal confusion (No/Yes)	-	8/19	10/16	9/16	11/15	0.97	3	0.808
Hx Status epilepticus (No/Yes)	-	24/33	14/112	21/4	13/9	10.75	3	0.013
Seizure control	-	7/8/8	7/8/8	5/4/0	5/5/10	Ψ = 0.309	-	0.307
BPRS	18.3 (1.1)2,5	23.6 (3.3)1,3,4,5	41.3 (5.9)1,2,4,5	32.9 (6.7)1,2,3,5	29.4 (50.)1,2,3,4	115.64	4/141	< 0.001
HAM-D	0.6 (2.0)2,5	4.8 (2.5)1,4,5	5.8 (2.9)1,5	19.8 (4.9)1,2,3,5	10.3 (3.8)1,2,3,4	145.21	4/140	< 0.001
HAM-A	2.6 (5.4)2,5	7.8 (3.9)1,3,4,5	11.6 (6.7)1,2,3,5	18.9 (8.8)1,2,3,5	23.8 (5.4)1,2,3,4	59.69	4/141	< 0.001
MMSE	28.3 (2.4)2,5	25.1 (4.4)1,3	22.4 (5.4)1,2,4,5	25.7 (2.4)1,3	25.8 (8.9)1,3	11.06	4/140	< 0.001

^1-5Results of post-hoc comparisons among the five diagnostic groups.

¹Indicates HC and “1” associated with column figures indicates that this value is different from HC.

²Indicates TLE and “2” associated with column figures indicates that this value is different from TLE.

³Indicates TLE + PSY and “3” associated with column figures indicates that this value is different from TLE + PSY.

⁴Indicates TLE + DEP and “4” associated with column figures indicates that this value is different from TLE + DEP.

⁵Indicates TLE + ANX and “5” associated with column figures indicates that this value is different from TLE + ANX.

BMI: Body mass index; TUD: Tobacco use disorder; Control seizures: Seizure free and fairly and poorly controlled seizures; BPRS: Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; HAM-D: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; HAM-A: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; MMSE: Mini Mental State Examination; HC: Healthy controls; TLE: Temporal lobe epilepsy; TLE: TLE without ant psychiatric comorbidities; TLE + PSY: Psychotic Disorder due to TLE; TLE + DEP: Mood Disorder due to TLE with depressive features; TLE + ANX: Anxiety Disorder due to TLE.