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©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Psychiatry. Jan 19, 2022; 12(1): 151-168
Published online Jan 19, 2022. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i1.151
Published online Jan 19, 2022. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i1.151
Figure 2 Neural, neuroendocrine, neuroinflammatory, and contextual mechanisms underlying delayed expression of posttraumatic stress disorder.
Solid arrows indicate direct effects, open arrows indicate indirect effects. ANS: Autonomic nervous system; HPA: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal; PTSD: Posttraumatic stress disorder.
- Citation: Smid GE, Lind J, Bonde JP. Neurobiological mechanisms underlying delayed expression of posttraumatic stress disorder: A scoping review. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12(1): 151-168
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v12/i1/151.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v12.i1.151