Depression among caregivers of patients with dementia: Associative factors and management approaches

Table 2 Types of intervention for dementia caregiver depression in the studies

Type of intervention	Content of program
Psychoeducation	Information about dementia and the different stages of dementia severity[71-73], understanding and managing behavioral problems[71,73-76], problem-solving techniques[73], coping strategies for emotional problems[73-75], communication skills[71,73-75], crisis management[73], resource information[73], targeting pain and distress (mood problems, lack of engagement in activities)[74,75,77]
Leisure and physical activity	Education on how to monitor time spent in leisure activities[78,79], identification of enjoyable leisure activities[78,79], prioritizing activities[79], scheduling/participating in leisure activities[79], fostering physical activity[78], individualized goal setting[78], behavioral modification skill training, behavioral activation[37,80], increasing pleasant activities[37,79]
Counseling	Care consultation[81-90], managing dementia symptoms[81,82,84,85,87,88], accessing community support services[81,82,86], telephone-based use of logbooks[83], information about dementia and legal issues and resources for social support[83,86]
Cognitive behavioral approaches	Cognitive reappraisal[91], controlling upsetting thoughts[27], enhancing self-efficacy[27,28], cognitive restructuring[92], assertive skills[92], relaxation[92], acceptance of aversive internal events and circumstances[92], choosing meaningful courses of action[92], telephone-based identification and expression of painful thoughts and emotions[93], managing painful emotions[93], accepting thoughts and emotions[93], redefinition of the relationship[92], reactivation of resources[93], adaptation to bereavement[93,94]
Mindfulness-based interventions	A range of practices with a focus on stress reduction, such as gentle mindful movement (awareness of the body), a body scan (to nurture awareness of the body region by region), and meditation (awareness of the breath)[95]
Psychological and social support	Providing information on formal social support[96,97], mutual sharing of emotions[96-98], creating an appropriate social network and home environment for the caregiver[96], support group participation[96], family role and strength rebuilding[99]