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©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Psychiatry. Jan 19, 2022; 12(1): 151-168
Published online Jan 19, 2022. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i1.151
Published online Jan 19, 2022. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i1.151
Ref. | Population (n) | Trauma/stressor | Assessment times |
Admon et al[14], 2013 | Soldiers (33) | Treating a fellow soldier with severe combat injury | Pre-deployment and 18 mo later |
Alway et al[30],2016 | TBI patients (85) | Motor vehicle accidents (76.5%), other accidents, assaults | 6 mo, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-yr post-injury |
Bryant et al[29], 2009 | Traumatic injury patients with no (708) or mild TBI (459) | Transport accident, assault, fall, work injury, other injury | During hospital admission and at 3 mo post-injury |
Bryant et al[28], 2013 | Road traffic accident survivors admitted to trauma hospital (1084) | Transport accident, assault, fall, work injury, other injury | During hospital admission and at 3-, 12-, and 24 mos post-injury |
Busso et al[21], 2014 | Adolescents exposed to bombing (78) | Terrorist attack at the 2013 Boston marathon | 1 year prior to trauma (n = 44), 4-6 wk posttrauma (n = 78) |
Cacciaglia et al[13], 2017 | Healthy rescue ambulance workers (18), non-exposed matched controls (18) | Exposed group: vehicle accident (41%), traumatic loss of a loved one, domestic violence, childhood abuse | Cross-sectional; trauma occurred a mean of 7.41 yr ago |
Chase et al[39], 2015 | Help-seeking veterans (16) and family members (10) | Exposure to blast during employment to combat-intense settings | Cross-sectional; > 7 yr after exposure |
Do Prado et al[31], 2017 | Adolescents with childhood trauma (30), controls without history of early life stress (27) | Sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect | Cross-sectional; maltreatment ended > 12 mo ago |
Gandubert et al[19], 2016 | Emergency room patients (123) | Physical assault, sexual assault, serious accident, other | During the first week and at 1-, 4-, and 12 mos post-trauma |
Gil et al[35], 2005 | Traumatic brain injury patients (120) | Traffic accident | < 1 week, 3 mo, and 6 mo later |
Glenn et al[27], 2017 | Soldiers deployed to Afghanistan (852) | Combat experience, difficult living and working environment | 4 wk before and 22 wk after deployment |
Jung et al[47], 2019 | Community-dwelling women (nurses) (50020) | Various self-reported on Brief Trauma Questionnaire | Biennial from enrollment |
Monfort and Trehel[44], 2017 | 93-year-old veteran (1) | WW II combat experiences | 65 years later |
Roy et al[36], 2015 | Combat veterans without PTSD, depression, or post-concussive syndrome < 2 mo after return (81) | Deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan > 3 mo | < 2 mo after return, 3, 6, and 12 mo |
Smid et al[26], 2015 | Deployed soldiers (693) | 4 mo deployment to Afghanistan | 2 mo prior to deployment and 1-, 6-, 12-, and 24 mo following deployment |
Solomon and Mikulincer[42], 2006 | Combat veterans with combat stress reaction (CSR) (131) or without (83) | 1982 Lebanon War | 1, 2, 3, and 20 yr after the war |
Solomon et al[41], 2017 | Ex-prisoners of war (101), combat controls (15) | 1973 Yom Kippur War | 18, 30, 35, 42 yr after the war |
Stein et al[43], 2013 | Community-dwelling (25,018) | Lifetime exposure to 27 traumatic events | Cross-sectional |
Uddin et al[32], 2010 | PTSD-affected (23) and -unaffected individuals (77) from large sample | Lifetime exposure to 19 traumatic events | Cross-sectional |
Vaiva et al[20], 2005 | Hospitalized traumatology patients (78) | Road traffic accident | 1 and 6 wk, 12 mo |
Wang et al[33], 2015 | Blunt chest trauma patients (57) | Motor vehicle accidents (61.4%), falls, other accidents | 1, 3, 6 mo |
Waszczuk et al[46], 2020 | First responders (1490) | Working at the World Trade Center site, New York following the 9/11, 2001 terrorist attacks | Mean = 7.75 monitoring visits per 1.49 yr, PTSD diagnosis at 12 yr |
- Citation: Smid GE, Lind J, Bonde JP. Neurobiological mechanisms underlying delayed expression of posttraumatic stress disorder: A scoping review. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12(1): 151-168
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v12/i1/151.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v12.i1.151