Evaluating the emotion regulation of positive mood states among people with bipolar disorder using hierarchical clustering

Table 2 Descriptive statistics and comparison of major variables for the three clusters

	Cluster 1, n = 26		Cluster 2, n = 26		Cluster 3, n = 38
Variables	Goal achievers with a high mass of coping		Goal preservers with a high mass of coping		Goal achievers with a low mass of coping
	n	%	n	%	n	%	Statistics
Sociodemographic factors
Sex							χ2 = 2.13 (P = 0.345)
Female	19	73.1	14	53.8	23	60.5
Male	7	26.9	12	46.2	15	39.5
Education level							χ2 = 7.46 (P = 0.281)
Primary	8	30.8	4	15.4	9	23.7
Secondary	10	38.4	8	30.8	6	15.8
Tertiary	8	30.8	14	53.8	23	60.5
Marital status							χ2 = 6.72 (P = 0.347)
Single	12	46.2	19	73.1	19	50.0
Married/cohabited	14	53.8	7	26.9	19	50.0
Living status							χ2 = 0.345 (P = 0.987)
Living alone	6	23.0	5	19.3	7	18.4
Living with others	20	77.0	21	80.7	31	81.6
Working status							χ2 = 18.8 (P = 0.171)
Unemployed	17	65.4	11	42.3	17	44.7
Employed	9	34.6	15	57.7	21	55.3
	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	Statistics
Age	48.04	9.64	41.31	12.27	41.47	10.89	F = 3.378 (P = 0.039), 1 > 2, 1 > 3
Baseline affective symptoms
MHRSD	1.19	1.13	1.38	1.47	1.18	1.25	F = 0.217 (P = 0.805)
BRMS	0.50	1.03	0.38	0.80	0.18	0.56	F = 1.31 (P = 0.275)
BAS sensitivity level
BAS_D	12.85	1.62	11.62	1.68	12.79	1.76	F = 4.622 (P = 0.012) 1 > 2, 3 > 2
BAS_FS	12.19	2.43	11.42	2.47	11.13	2.70	F = 1.351 (P = 0.264)
BAS_RR	17.85	2.05	15.65	3.11	16.05	2.27	F = 5.924 (P = 0.004) 1 > 2, 1 > 3
Coping
CTR	2.80	0.74	2.5	0.64	1.68	0.66	F = 23.505 (P < 0.001) 1 > 3, 2 > 3
VCTR	2.70	2.41	1.88	1.10	2.90	2.30	F = 1.998 (P = 0.142)
AA	5.90	1.25	4.68	0.94	2.72	1.27	F = 58.999 (P < 0.001) 1 > 2, 1 > 3, 2 > 3
VAA	1.46	1.83	1.95	1.33	2.08	2.10	F = 0.919 (P = 0.403)
DD	4.28	0.88	2.19	0.61	1.72	0.99	F = 71.542 (P < 0.001) 1 > 2, 1 > 3, 2 > 3
VDD	1.23	0.92	0.94	0.79	0.74	0.62	F = 3.242 (P = 0.044)
Post-event mood states
ISS_ACT	226.15	99.08	162.31	111.94	182.89	116.90	F = 2.281 (P = 0.108)
ISS_WB	194.62	65.38	139.62	79.22	156.84	77.50	F = 3.728 (P = 0.028)

AA: Behavioral-activation/emotion-amplifying coping; ACT: Activation; BAS: Behavioral approach system; BRMS: Bech-rafaelsen mania scale; CTR: Perceived controllability; D: Drive; DD: Behavioral-deactivation/emotion-diminishing coping; FS: Fun-seeking; ISS: Internal state scale; MHRSD: Modified Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; RR: Reward responsiveness; VAA: Variance of behavioral-activation/emotion-amplifying coping; VCTR: Variance of perceived controllability; VDD: Variance of behavioral-deactivation/emotion-diminishing coping; WB: Well-being.