Is there a place for cellular therapy in depression?

Table 2 List of registered cell-based clinical trials for treating depression

Study	Country	Target population	Product	Study design	Outcomes
NCT02675556	United States	Treatment-resistant depression; (n = 80)	Allogeneic MSCs; 108 cells single i.v. infusion; source not reported	Phase I, placebo-controlled 1:1	Incidence of any treatment-emergent serious adverse events; Reduction of Inflammation.
NCT03522545	United States	Treatment-resistant bipolar depression; (n = 30)	Allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSCs; dose not reported	Phase I, placebo-controlled	Change in depression as assessed by the MADRS Scale.
NCT03265808	United States	Alcohol use disorder and major depression; (n = 80)	Allogeneic MSCs; 108 cells single i.v. infusion; source not reported	Phase I/II	An incident of treatment emergent-serious adverse events
NCT04202770	United States	Refractory depression; anxiety disorders; neurodegenerative diseases; (n = 300)	Focused ultrasound and exosomes	Single group assignment	Beck depression inventory (BDI-II)

MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells.