Therapeutic use of melatonin in schizophrenia: A systematic review

Table 3 Tardive dyskinesia

Ref.	Sample size (sex) melatonin; control	Age (yr) melatonin; control	Dose, duration	Diagnosis	Inclusion criteria	Study design	Outcomes	Significant findings related to melatonin	Risk of bias
Shamir et al[26], 2000	19 (8 M, 11 F); 19 (8 M, 11 F)	Overall: 74.0 ± 9.5	2 mg/d CR melatonin or placebo for 4 wk	SCZ (n = 19)	Diagnosis of SCZ of > 20 yr (as per DSM-IV criteria), TD > 5 yr, antipsychotic treatment > 10 yr	Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial (2 wk washout)	AIMS	-	Some concerns
Shamir et al[27], 2001	22 (11 F, 11 M); 22 (11 F, 11 M)	Overall: 64.2 ± 14.3	10 mg/d CR melatonin or placebo for 6 wk	SCZ (n = 22)	Diagnosis of SCZ and anti-psychotic-induced TD (as per DSM-IV criteria)	Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial (4 wk washout)	AIMS	AIMS: Melatonin < Placebo	Some concerns
Castro et al[28], 2011	7; 6 (sex NR)	Overall: 59.9 ± 2.7	20 mg/d melatonin or placebo for 12 wk	SCZ (n = 11); BP (n = 2)	Diagnosis of neuroleptic-induced TD (as per DSM-IV criteria)	Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled pilot study	AIMS; BPRS	-	High

AIMS: Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale; BP: Bipolar disorder; BPRS: Brief psychiatric rating scale; CR: Controlled-release; DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition; F: Female; M: Male; NR: Not reported; SCZ: Schizophrenia; TD: Tardive dyskinesia.