Autism spectrum disorder and personality disorders: Comorbidity and differential diagnosis

Table 4 Summary of studies using temperament character inventory to evaluate personality in adults with autism spectrum disorder

Ref.	Participants	Comparison group	Measures	Personality measures	Results
Anckarsäter et al[47], 2006	n = 113 (6 autistic disorder, 46 AS, 66 Atypical Autism); 47ASD+ADHD 66 ASD	Age and sex matched group	SCID-I; ASDI; Y-BOCS; ASHFAQ; TCI	TCI; SCID-II	Lower NS, RD, SD, C; Higher HA; Cluster A and Cluster C PD were common
Soderstrom et al[50], 2002	n = 31 AS	Age and sex matched group	WAIS-III	TCI	Higher HA ST; Lower NS, RD, SD, C
Sizoo et al[49], 2009	n = 75 (53 without SUD, 8 with past SUD, 14 with current SUD)	n = 657 NC	ADI-R; ADOS; DSM-IV criteria checklists; WAIS-III	VTCI	Higher HA, ST; Lower RD, SD, C; Lower NS and RD for ASD without SUD; Higher P for subgroups with current or past SUD
Vuijk et al[51], 2018	n = 66 (15 ASD, 25 AS, 26 PDD-NOS)	Matched comparison group (age, education, marital status)		TCI	Higher HA, lower NS, RD, SD, C
Helles et al[52], 2016	n = 40 AS	Within comparison group (no longer ASD/ASD pure/ASD plus)	GAFWAIS-IIIASDI; BDI; ASRS	TCI	Higher RD in no longer ASD; Higher HA, lower NS in ASD pure; Higher HA, lower C, SD in ASD plus

C: Cooperativeness; HA: Harm avoidance; NC: Neurotypical controls; NS: Novelty Seeking; P: Persistence; RD: Reward dependence; SD: Self-directedness; ST: Self-transcendence; SUD: Substance use disorder; SUD: No history of SUD; VTCI: Short version of temperament character inventory.