Autism spectrum disorder and personality disorders: Comorbidity and differential diagnosis

Table 2 Summary of included studies exploring comorbid personality disorders diagnosis (according to DSM-IV) in autism spectrum disorder patients

Ref.	Participants	Measures	PD assessment instrument	PD Prevalence (at least one PD)
Ketelaars et al[43], 2008	n = 15 (4 AS, 10 PDD-NOS, 1 HFA)	AQ, SCAN-2.1	IPDE	> 50%
Rydén and Bejerot[40], 2008	n = 84 (5 autistic disorder, 51 AS, 28 PDD-NOS); 37% comorbid ADHD	SCID-I, WAIS III, ASSQ, ASDI, ASRS, MADRS,Y-BOCS, GAF, CGI-S, WRAADDS	SCID-II screen; SPP	> 40%
Hofvander et al[14], 2009	n = 117 (5 autistic disorder, 62 AS, 50 PDD-NOS)	WAIS-R or WAIS-IIISCID-I, ASDI	SCID-II	62%
Lugnegård et al[38], 2012	n = 54 (AS)	WAIS-III, DISCOS-11AQ	SCID-II or a structured DSM-IV-based clinical interview	48%
Strunz et al[26], 2015	n = 59 (49 AS, 10 HFA)	ADOS, ADI-R, MINI, SCID-I, DAPP-BQ,NEO-PI-R	SCID-II	45%
Geurts and Jansen[44], 2011	n = 105 (27 autistic disorder, 28 AS, 50 PDD- NOS); 34% of sample with intellectual disability	Former DSM-IV Axis I diagnosis reported	Former DSM-IV Axis II diagnosis reported	15%
Anckarsäter et al[47], 2006	n = 174 subjects with childhood onset neuropsychiatric disorder (47 ASD, 27 ASD+ADHD, 81 ADHD, 19 other diagnosis)	SCID-I, ASDI, Y-BOCS; ASHFAQ, TCI	SCID- II	75%

ADHD: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ADI-R: Autism Diagnostic interview-revised; ADOS: Autism diagnostic observation schedule-generic; AS: Asperger syndrome; ASD: Autism spectrum disorder; ASDI: Asperger syndrome diagnostic interview; ASHFAQ: Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism screening questionnaire; ASRS: Adult ADHD self-report scale; ASSQ: Autism spectrum disorder in adults screening questionnaire; ASDI: Asperger syndrome diagnostic interview; AQ: Autism spectrum quotient; CGI-S: Clinical global impression severity of illness; DAPP-BQ: Dimensional assessment of personality pathology; DISCOS-11: Diagnostic interview for social an communication disorder; GAF: Global assessment of functioning; HFA: High-functioning autism; IPDE: International personality disorder examination; MADRS: Montgomery asberg depression rating scale; MINI: Mini international neuropsychiatric interview; NEO-PI-R: Neo personality inventory revised; PDD-NOS: Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified; SCAN-2.1: Schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry; SCID-I: Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders; SCID-II: Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV personality disorders; SPP: Swedish universities scales of personality; TCI: Temperament and character inventory; Y-BOCS: Yale -brown obsessive compulsive scale; WAIS-R: Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised; WAIS-III: Wechsler adult intelligence scale-III; WRAADDS: Wender-reimherr adult attention deficit disorder scale.