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©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Psychiatr. Dec 19, 2021; 11(12): 1346-1365
Published online Dec 19, 2021. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i12.1346
Published online Dec 19, 2021. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i12.1346
Table 3 Means of mental health conditions by lockdown easing periods, demographics, lifestyle changes, and pre-existing health conditions
| Control variables | Means of GAD-7 (n = 18948) (95%CI) | Means of IES-R (n = 17739) (95%CI) | ||||
| May 1, 2020-July 3, 2020 (Lockdown) | July 4-23, 2020 (Lockdown relax) | July 24-31, 2020 (Face-covering) | May 1, 2020-July 3, 2020 (Lockdown) | July 4-23, 2020 (Lockdown relax) | July 24-31, 2020 (Face-covering) | |
| Total study population | 5.6 (5.5-5.7) | 5.6 (5.3-5.8) | 4.4 (4.2-4.6) | 17.3 (16.9-17.6) | 16.8 (16.0-17.6) | 13.4 (12.7-14.2) |
| Key worker | ||||||
| Not a key worker | 5.8 (5.6-6.0) | 6.2 (5.7-6.7) | 4.1 (3.8-4.4) | 18.5 (17.8-19.2) | 19.9 (18.2-21.5) | 13.1 (12.1-14.2) |
| Health | 5.1 (5.0-5.3) | 5 (4.7-5.3) | 4.3 (3.9-4.6) | 15.9 (15.4-16.3) | 14.4 (13.4-15.4) | 12.2 (11.0-13.5) |
| Not in health | 6.3 (6.1-6.6) | 6.1 (5.5-6.6) | 5.3 (4.8-5.9) | 19 (18.2-19.8) | 18.5 (16.8-20.3) | 16.1 (14.4-17.9) |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 5.8 (5.7-5.9) | 5.7 (5.5-6.0) | 4.8 (4.5-5.1) | 18 (17.6-18.4) | 17.3 (16.4-18.2) | 14.4 (13.5-15.2) |
| Male | 4.3 (4.0-4.5) | 4.8 (4.1-5.4) | 3.2 (2.8-3.7) | 13.3 (12.4-14.1) | 14.1 (12.2-16.1) | 10.7 (9.4-12.1) |
| Age group | ||||||
| Under 21 | 7.7 (6.8-8.5) | 9.3 (6.7-11.9) | 8.6 (6.4-10.9) | 24 (20.9-27.1) | 30.8 (20.8-40.8) | 28.8 (20.2-37.3) |
| 21-24 | 7.9 (7.4-8.5) | 7.8 (6.3-9.2) | 6.7 (5.0-8.4) | 22.6 (20.8-24.3) | 21.4 (17.0-25.7) | 19.2 (13.9-24.5) |
| 25-34 | 6.8 (6.5-7.0) | 7.5 (7.0-8.1) | 5.7 (5.1-6.4) | 19 (18.2-19.8) | 21.3 (19.4-23.2) | 15.4 (13.3-17.4) |
| 35-44 | 6.1 (5.9-6.3) | 6.1 (5.6-6.6) | 5.2 (4.7-5.7) | 18.3 (17.5-19.0) | 17.8 (16.1-19.5) | 14.4 (12.8-15.9) |
| 45-54 | 4.9 (4.7-5.1) | 4.8 (4.4-5.3) | 4.5 (4.0-5.0) | 16.2 (15.6-16.9) | 14.5 (13.0-16.0) | 13.2 (11.8-14.7) |
| 55-64 | 4.6 (4.4-4.8) | 4.8 (4.3-5.3) | 3.7 (3.3-4.1) | 15.7 (15.0-16.5) | 14.8 (13.2-16.4) | 12.6 (11.2-14.0) |
| 65 and over | 3.1 (2.8-3.4) | 3.1 (2.5-3.7) | 1.9 (1.4-2.3) | 10.8 (9.7-11.8) | 12.2 (9.7-14.6) | 8.1 (6.5-9.7) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-white | 4.9 (4.5-5.2) | 5.9 (5.1-6.8) | 4.9 (4.1-5.7) | 15.9 (14.7-17.1) | 19.2 (16.3-22.0) | 14.4 (12.0-16.8) |
| White | 5.6 (5.5-5.7) | 5.5 (5.3-5.8) | 4.4 (4.1-4.6) | 17.4 (17.0-17.7) | 16.6 (15.7-17.4) | 13.3 (12.5-14.1) |
| Religion | ||||||
| Non-Christian | 5.7 (5.6-5.9) | 6.0 (5.6-6.3) | 4.6 (4.3-4.9) | 17.6 (17.2-18.1) | 17.6 (16.5-18.7) | 13.8 (12.8-14.8) |
| Christian | 5.4 (5.2-5.5) | 5.1 (4.8-5.5) | 4.2 (3.9-4.5) | 16.8 (16.3-17.3) | 15.8 (14.6-17.0) | 12.9 (11.9-14.0) |
| Education | ||||||
| A-level or less | 6.2 (6.0-6.4) | 6.1 (5.7-6.6) | 4.5 (4.1-4.9) | 19.1 (18.4-19.8) | 19.1 (17.6-20.5) | 14.3 (12.9-15.7) |
| Higher degree | 5.3 (5.2-5.4) | 5.2 (4.9-5.5) | 4.4 (4.1-4.6) | 16.4 (16.0-16.8) | 15.5 (14.6-16.4) | 13 (12.2-13.9) |
| Type of accommodation | ||||||
| Rented | 7.1 (6.9-7.3) | 7.8 (7.3-8.3) | 6.7 (6.1-7.3) | 21.6 (20.9-22.3) | 23.1 (21.4-24.8) | 19.7 (17.8-21.6) |
| Own | 5 (4.9-5.1) 4 | 4.7 (4.5-5.0) | 3.8 (3.5-4.0) | 15.7 (15.3-16.0) | 14.4 (13.5-15.3) | 11.7 (10.9-12.4) |
| Shielding status (government) | ||||||
| Shielding not required | 5.5 (5.4-5.6) | 5.5 (5.2-5.8) | 4.4 (4.1-4.6) | 16.8 (16.5-17.2) | 16.2 (15.3-17.1) | 12.9 (12.1-13.7) |
| Shielding required (but not Shielding) | 5.5 (5.2-5.9) | 5.1 (4.5-5.8) | 4 (3.4-4.6) | 17.6 (16.5-18.6) | 16.6 (14.5-18.8) | 13 (11.0-14.9) |
| Shielding required (shielding) | 6.6 (6.2-7.0) | 7.4 (6.4-8.5) | 5.5 (4.6-6.5) | 21.2 (19.8-22.6) | 23.9 (20.7-27.2) | 19.3 (16.2-22.3) |
| Experience of COVID-19 | ||||||
| No such experience | 5.1 (4.9-5.3) | 5.1 (4.6-5.6) | 3.9 (3.5-4.4) | 15.5 (14.8-16.2) | 16.3 (14.7-18.0) | 12.1 (10.7-13.5) |
| Yes | 5.7 (5.6-5.8) | 5.7 (5.4-6.0) | 4.6 (4.3-4.9) | 17.8 (17.4-18.2) | 17 (16.1-17.9) 1 | 3.9 (13.1-14.8) |
| Pre-existing mental health | ||||||
| No | 4.1 (4.0-4.2) | 3.7 (3.5-3.9) | 3.2 (2.9-3.4) | 13 (12.6-13.3) | 11.5 (10.7-12.3) | 9.7 (9.0-10.4) |
| Yes | 8.2 (8.0-8.4) | 8.7 (8.3-9.2) | 7.6 (7.1-8.1) | 24.9 (24.3-25.6) | 25.9 (24.5-27.4) | 23 (21.3-24.7) |
| Drinking alcohol | ||||||
| Never | 6.3 (6.0-6.6) | 6.2 (5.5-6.9) | 5.7 (4.9-6.4) | 19.7 (18.6-20.7) | 17.9 (15.6-20.2) | 16.2 (13.8-18.6) |
| Monthly or less | 6.2 (6.0-6.5) | 6.6 (6.0-7.1) | 5 (4.4-5.5) | 18.8 (18.0-19.6) | 19.5 (17.6-21.3) | 15.2 (13.4-17.0) |
| 2-4 times a month | 5.4 (5.2-5.6) | 5.3 (4.8-5.8) | 4.3 (3.8-4.7) | 16.7 (15.9-17.4) | 17 (15.4-18.5) | 13 (11.5-14.5) |
| 2-3 times a week | 5 (4.9-5.2) 5 | 5.2 (4.7-5.6) | 3.9 (3.5-4.4) | 15.5 (14.9-16.1) | 15.2 (13.7-16.7) | 12.2 (10.9-13.5) |
| 4 times or more a week | 5.1 (4.8-5.3) | 4.3 (3.7-5.0) | 3.8 (3.2-4.4) | 16.9 (16.0-17.9) | 13.4 (11.6-15.3) | 12 (10.3-13.7) |
| Drug use | ||||||
| Never | 5.5 (5.4-5.6) | 5.5 (5.2-5.7) | 4.3 (4.1-4.6) | 17.1 (16.8-17.5) | 16.6 (15.8-17.4) | 13.1 (12.4-13.9) |
| Ever | 7.7 (6.8-8.6) | 9.6 (7.9-11.4) | 7.3 (5.5-9.1) | 23.8 (20.9-26.8) | 25.5 (19.9-31.1) | 24.2 (18.3-30.0) |
| Suicidal thoughts ever | ||||||
| No | 4.5 (4.4-4.6) | 4.4 (4.1-4.7) | 3.4 (3.2-3.7) | 13.9 (13.5-14.3) | 13.2 (12.3-14.0) | 10.3 (9.6-11.0) |
| Yes | 7.8 (7.6-8.0) | 8 (7.6-8.5) | 6.9 (6.4-7.4) | 24.3 (23.7-25.0) | 24.4 (22.8-25.9) | 21.6 (19.9-23.3) |
- Citation: Rathod S, Pallikadavath S, Graves E, Rahman MM, Brooks A, Soomro MG, Rathod P, Phiri P. Impact of lockdown relaxation and implementation of the face-covering policy on mental health: A United Kingdom COVID-19 study. World J Psychiatr 2021; 11(12): 1346-1365
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v11/i12/1346.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v11.i12.1346