Neurofeedback for insomnia: Current state of research

Table 7 Study parameters for open-loop audiovisual training neurofeedback

Ref.	Groups	Age/sex	Electrode placement	Protocol	Sessions	Sham condition
Tang et al[37]	8 chronic insomnia (criteria: ISI)	88 ± 8.7-year-old / 7 females and 1 male	N/A	Progressive reduction from 8 Hz to 1 Hz with flickering lights	30 sessions of 30 min (at bedtime) over 4 wk	None
Tang et al[58]	9 insomnia and chronic pain AVE; 7 insomnia and chronic pain Placebo (criteria: ISI)	AVE group: 67.2 ± 5.0-year-old / N/A; Placebo group: 69.6 ± 4.4-year-old / N/A	N/A	Progressive reduction from 10 Hz to 2 Hz with pulsing lights	1 session	Progressive reduction from 1 to 0.2 Hz with constant dim light changing in color

AVE: Open-loop audiovisual training; ISI: Insomnia Severity Index.