Measures of empathy in children and adolescents: A systematic review of questionnaires

Table 1 Characteristics of included studies aimed at presenting or validating original questionnaires (n = 16)

Ref.	Measure	Country	Language	Setting	Participants	Sample size	Age, yr	Gender
Bryant[98], 1984	BEI	NA	English	NA	Healthy	128 + 163 + 73	7/10/14	NA
Litvack-Miller et al[99], 1997	IRI	Canada	English	Schools	Healthy	478	7-12	NA
Rey[63], 2003	SME	Colombia	Spanish	Schools (centers)	Healthy + CD	224 + 94	11-18	100/100
Garton et al[89], 2005	F&T	Australia	English	Schools	Healthy	413	8-10	53
Jolliffe and Farrington[6], 2006	BES	United Kingdom	English	Schools	Healthy	720	14.8 ± 0.48	50.8
Dadds et al[100], 2007	GEM	Australia	English	Schools	Healthy	2612	4-16	52.8
Funk et al[82], 2008	CEAQ	United States	English	Schools	Healthy	213	10-13	49.6
Sallquist et al[62], 2009	DPES	United States	English	Maternity hospital	Healthy	168	4.49 ± 0.07	52.9
Auyeung et al[64], 2009	EQ-C	United Kingdom	English	Schools (centers)	Healthy + ASD	1256 + 265	4-11	46.3/82.6
Rieffe et al[83], 2010	EQ	Netherlands	Dutch	Schools and centers	Healthy	109	1-5	47.7
Whitt and Howard[101], 2013	ES-PPI	United States	English	Rehab services	Antisocial	707	15.5 ± 1.2	87
Lopèz-Pèrez and Fernadèz[102], 2014	TECA	Spain	Spanish	NA	Healthy	670	10-16	NA
Vossen et al[88], 2015	AMES	Netherlands	Dutch	Households	Healthy	450	10-15	50
Wang and Wang[87], 2015	EToMS	China	Chinese	Schools	Healthy	189	3-6	50.8
Raine and Chen[29], 2017	CASES	United States	English	Community	Healthy	428	11-12	NA
Richaud et al[35], 2017	EQ	Argentina	Spanish	Schools	Healthy	479	9-12	46.3

Age is reported in years, as either mean ± SD or age range according to original available data; gender is reported as percentage of males. AMES: Adolescent Measure of Empathy and Sympathy; ASD: Autism spectrum disorder; BES: Basic Empathy Scale; BEI: Bryant’s Empathy Index; CASES: Cognitive, Affective and Somatic Empathy Scales; CD: Conduct disorder; CEAQ: Children’s Empathic Attitudes Questionnaire; DPES: Dispositional Positive Empathy Scale; EQ-C: Empathy Quotient for Children; EQ: Empathy Questionnaire; ES-PPI: Empathy Scale-Psychopathic Personality Inventory; EtoMS: Empathy and Theory of Mind Scale; F&T: Feeling and Thinking Scale; GEM: Griffith Empathy Measure; IRI: Interpersonal Reactivity Index; SME: Scale to Measure Empathy; TECA: Cognitive and Affective Empathy Scale (Test de Empatia Cognitiva y Afectiva); NA: not available.