Risk factors for depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Table 2 Correlation between diverse clinical factors and depression

Factors	Depression	No depression	P value
Age at diagnosis (mean ± SD, yr)	65.12 ± 7.62	65.76 ± 7.23	NS
Gender	65	228	NS
Female	9	44
Male	56	184
Marital status	65	228	NS
Married or partner	52	194
Single, divorced, separated or widowed	13	34
Household income	65	228	NS
High income	12	27
Medium income	20	82
Low income	33	119
Smoking history	65	228	NS
Never smoker	15	49
Past smoker	24	96
Current smoker	26	83
Duration of respiratory symptoms (mo)	111.28 ± 41.92	79.51 ± 112.47	0.026
Exacerbation rate (prior yr)	2.09 ± 1.28	1.58 ± 0.94	0.004
BMI (kg/m2)	18.51 ± 3.34	20.75 ± 4.09	0.000
FEV1 (L)	0.82 ± 0.30	1.11 ± 0.44	0.000
mMRC dyspnea scale	1.86 ± 0.75	1.67 ± 0.69	NS
CAT score	13.08 ± 3.71	10.30 ± 4.20	0.002
HADS score	9.18 ± 1.27	3.93 ± 1.72	0.000

BMI: Body mass index; FEV1: Forced expiratory volume in 1 s; mMRC: Modified medical research council; CAT: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Rating Scale; NS: Not significant.