Noncanonical intercellular communication in immune response

Figure 3 Extracellular traps formation and side effects. Various external or internal inducers may lead to the breakage of nuclear or mitochondrial (or both) membranes and release of extracellular traps (ETs). The ETs contain network of nuclear/mitochondrial DNA (blue/green), antimicrobial compounds (yellow) such as LL37, myeoloperoxidase (lysosomal protein) and elastase (chymotrypsin-like protease), and deiminated (citrullinatied) histones (red H). Under normal circumstances the ETs are promptly removed by macrophages, however if the ETs persist they can lead to inflammatory and autoimmune response[31,32].