Advantageous tactics with certain probiotics for the treatment of graft-versus-host-disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Figure 3 The gut microbiota could support to take a favorable action against the disease-progression of graft-versus-host disease by affecting the gut-immune axis, which may contain the inhibition or production of cytokines, reactive oxygen species, hort-chain fatty acids, and certain D-amino acids. Probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation might be potential therapy for the alteration of gut microbiota. Arrowhead indicates stimulation whereas hammerhead shows inhibition. Note that several important activities such as cytokine-induction or anti-inflammatory reaction have been omitted for clarity. FMT: Fecal microbiota transplantation; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; GVHD: Graft-versus-host disease; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; SCFAs: Short chain fatty acids; Th17: Type 17 T helper cell; Treg: Regulatory T cell; GVHD: Graft-versus-host disease.