Advantageous tactics with certain probiotics for the treatment of graft-versus-host-disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Figure 2 Several modulator molecules linked to the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)/mTORC1 signaling pathway for the alteration of Th17, Th1, and/or Treg cells are demonstrated. Example molecules known to act on the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/mTOR and/or PI3K/AKT signaling pathway are also shown. Note that some critical events such as immune activation and/or cytokine-induction in cases of inflammation and/or oxidative stress have been omitted for clarity. Arrowhead means stimulation whereas hammerhead represents inhibition. GLP1: Glucagon-like peptide-1; PKA: Protein kinase A; AMPK: Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; mTOR: Mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin; PI3K: Phosphoinositide-3 kinase; PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10.