Advantageous tactics with certain probiotics for the treatment of graft-versus-host-disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Figure 1 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients likely to suffer from the graft-versus-host disease. Oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, and/or inflammation may be all involved in the pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following the expansion of Th17 cells, which may help increase GVHD severity through the activation of pathogenic inflammatory immune cells. Arrowhead means stimulation and/or augmentation. Hammerhead represents inhibition. Note that some critical intracellular molecular pathways such as those related to mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) or mTORC have been omitted for clarity. ROS: Reactive oxygen species; GVHD: Graft-versus-host disease; HSCT: Hematopoietic cell transplantation.