Sonographic markers for early diagnosis of fetal malformations

Figure 5 Markers of congenital heart disease. A: Atrioventricular septal defect with a common junction leading to loss of off-setting of the atrioventricular valves (arrows); B: Four-chamber echo view in a normal mid-trimester fetus; C: Enlarged coronary sinus seen as a circular structure (arrow) within the left atrium adjacent to the mitral valve; D: Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum: apical muscle bundles are prominent in the apical portion of the right ventricle with trabeculations coarser than usual; E: Transposition of the great arteries (discordant ventriculoarterial connections): the arteries are parallel to one another with the aorta arising from the right ventricle and positioned to the right of the pulmonary trunk; F: Severe aortic stenosis with patent mitral valve: the left ventricle becomes bulb-shaped (arrow). LA: left atrium; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; AO and AOA: Aorta; PA: Pulmonary trunk. Adapted from Cook et al[74].