Hypertension and medical expenditure in the Japanese population: Review of prospective studies

Figure 5 Adjusted odds ratios for two kinds of events over one year of follow-up in male and female Japanese medical insurance beneficiaries aged 40-54 years, grouped according to hypertension status. The bars represent the risk of undergoing hospitalization for ≥ 14 cumulative days, while the diamonds represent the risk of falling into the top 1% group of medical expenditure. A logistic regression model was used to calculate odds ratios after adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking habit, serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, log-transformed fasting plasma glucose, and medications for hypercholesterolemia and diabetes, with the “optimal blood pressure” group acting as the reference. Male and female participants who fell into the sex-specific top 1% medical expenditure group each incurred ≥ 1571 euros/mo and ≥ 1249 euros/mo, respectively (1 euro = 95.91 Japanese yen). From Nakamura et al[11].