Plantamajoside mitigates endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated pancreatic β-cell apoptosis in type 2 diabetes via DNAJC1 upregulation

Figure 1 The effects of Plantamajoside on pancreatic β-cells in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Upregulation of DNAJC1 results in the suppression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers such as CHOP and β-cell apoptosis[29]. ERK and NF-κB regulate both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic effects, depending on the stimulus and the cell type. The ER stress marker CHOP stimulates the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by inhibiting the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Bcl-2 inhibition by CHOP releases the autophagy protein Beclin-1 from the Bcl-2-Beclin1 complex, allowing Beclin-1 to initiate autophagy via the formation of isolation (autophagosomal) membrane. Thus, Plantamajoside may inhibit apoptosis and activate autophagy in stressed β-cells as a pro-survival mechanism[3,5,23,26,27,32-34].