Incretins and selective renal sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in hypertension and coronary heart disease

Figure 1 Pressure and diameter plot. The instantaneous pressure-diameter loops are shown, which were obtained from: H pre-treatment: Hypertensive patients without diabetes mellitus (DM) before administration of ramipril; H post-treatment: Hypertensive patients without DM after administration of ramipril; H-DM2 pre-treatment: Hypertensive patients with type 2 DM before ramipril administration; H-DM2 post-treatment: Hypertensive patients with type 2 Diabetes after ramipril administration; NT: Normotensive subjects. Adapt from Christen et al[23].

Figure 2 Glucagon-like peptide-1 and blood pressure. Summary of changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP) after the 6-mo study end point in subjects with type 2 diabetes treated with exenatide vs placebo. Data are presented as differences between baseline-to-end point in the least squares (mean ± SE). Adapt from Okerson et al[29]. GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1.

Figure 3 Mantel-Haenzel odds ratio for major cardiovascular events, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, mortality and cardiovascular mortality with 95%CI. Adapt from Monarini et al[90]. DPP-IVi: Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors; MH-OR: Mantel-Haenzel odds ratio; CV: Cardiovascular; MACE: Major adverse CV events; AMI: Acute myocardial infarction.

Figure 4 Cardiovascular tolerability profile of linagliptin in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results of a pre-specified meta-analysis of eight randomized, double-blind trials in which patients treated with linagliptin 5 or 10 mg/d (n = 3159 and 160), glimepiride 1-4 mg/d (n = 781), voglibose 0.6 mg/d (n = 162) or placebo (n = 977) as monotherapy or in combination with other oral anti-hyperglycemia drugs for 18-52 wk[84]. It shows the incidence of primary and secondary composite endpoints in the linagliptin and total comparators group (primary analysis), together with corresponding hazard ratios and 95%CI. Adapted from Deeks[74]. CV: Cardiovascular; FDA: Food and Drug Administration; MACE: Major adverse CV events; MI: Myocardial infarction; pts: Patients; UAP: Unstable angina pectoris.

Figure 5 Flowchart of the clinical investigational trials which are completed or ongoing.