Reactivation of hepatitis B after liver transplantation: Current knowledge, molecular mechanisms and implications in management

Figure 2 Generalized concept of overt and occult hepatitis B virus infections based on the data from the woodchuck model of hepatitis B, their long-term outcomes, and associated risk factors for hepatitis B virus reactivation following liver transplant. Based on experimental infection in the woodchuck model (Mulrooney-Cousins PM, Michalak TI, 2015[92]). ¹Serologically silent infection: HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-HBs negative; HBV DNA positive; ²Serologically silent infection: HBsAg negative, anti-HBc positive, anti-HBs positive or negative; HBV DNA positive; ³Serologically evident infection: HBsAg and anti-HBc positive, anti-HBs negative. HBV DNA positive. SOI: Secondary occult infection; POI: Primary occult infection; LT: Liver transplant; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HDV: Hepatitis D virus; HBsAg: HBV surface antigen; anti-HBc: Antibodies to HBV core antigen; anti-HBs: Antibodies to HBV surface antigen.