Copyright
©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
Klebsiella pneumoniae infections after liver transplantation: Drug resistance and distribution of pathogens, risk factors, and influence on outcomes
Long Guo, Peng Peng, Wei-Ting Peng, Jie Zhao, Qi-Quan Wan
Long Guo, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
Peng Peng, Clinical Laboratory Medicine Center, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou 421007, Hunan Province, China
Wei-Ting Peng, The Second Affiliated Hospital Class, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
Jie Zhao, Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
Qi-Quan Wan, Department of Transplant Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
Qi-Quan Wan, Engineering and Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Health Commission, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
Author contributions: Guo L, Wan QQ, Peng WT, and Zhao J collected and analyzed the data; Wan QQ and Peng P wrote the original manuscript, revised the paper, and approved the final version.
Institutional review board statement: The study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Third Xiangya Hospital in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (No. 24029).
Informed consent statement: As the study used anonymous and pre-existing data, the requirement for the informed consent from patients was waived.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the Authors have no conflict of interest related to the manuscript.
Data sharing statement: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
STROBE statement: The authors have read the STROBE Statement-checklist of items, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the STROBE Statement-checklist of items.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See:
https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Corresponding author: Qi-Quan Wan, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Transplant Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China. 13548685542@163.com
Received: December 29, 2023
Peer-review started: December 29, 2023
First decision: January 23, 2024
Revised: February 1, 2024
Accepted: March 8, 2024
Article in press: March 8, 2024
Published online: April 27, 2024
BACKGROUND
Liver transplantation (LT) is the only curative treatment for end-stage liver disease. However, LT recipients are susceptible to infection, which is the leading cause of early mortality after LT. Klebsiella pneumoniae infections (KPIs) in the bloodstream are common in LT recipients. We hypothesized that KPIs and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) infections may affect the outcomes of LT recipients.
AIM
To assess KPI incidence, timing, distribution, drug resistance, and risk factors following LT and its association with outcomes.
METHODS
This retrospective study included 406 patients undergoing LT at The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, a tertiary hospital, from January 2015 to January 2023. We investigated the risk factors for KPIs and assessed the impact of KPIs and CRKP infections on the prognosis of LT recipients using logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS
KPI incidence was 7.9% (n = 32), with lung/thoracic cavity the most frequent site of infection; the median time from LT to KPI onset was 7.5 d. Of 44 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, 43 (97.7%) and 34 (77.3%) were susceptible to polymyxin B or ceftazidime/avibactam and tigecycline, respectively; > 70% were resistant to piperacillin/ tazobactam, ceftazidime, cefepime, aztreonam, meropenem, and levofloxacin. Female sex [odds ratio (OR) = 2.827, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.256-6.364; P = 0.012], pre-LT diabetes (OR = 2.794, 95%CI: 1.070-7.294; P = 0.036), day 1 post-LT alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels ≥ 1500 U/L (OR = 3.645, 95%CI: 1.671-7.950; P = 0.001), and post-LT urethral catheter duration over 4 d (OR = 2.266, 95%CI: 1.016-5.054; P = 0.046) were risk factors for KPI. CRKP infections, but not KPIs, were risk factors for 6-month all-cause mortality post-LT.
CONCLUSION
KPIs occur frequently and rapidly after LT. Risk factors include female sex, pre-LT diabetes, increased post-LT ALT levels, and urethral catheter duration. CRKP infections, and not KPIs, affect mortality.
Core Tip: Despite advances in liver transplantation (LT) technology, Klebsiella pneumoniae infections (KPIs) remain challenging to treat. Timely prevention of KPIs is therefore critical. Many risk factors play crucial roles in the occurrence of KPIs after LT and in determining recipient prognosis. We examined the role of KPIs in the prognosis of LT recipients and the risk factors for KPIs after LT. By analyzing the distribution of KPIs and drug resistance, we demonstrated that risk factors are associated with surgical operative variables. Identifying these risk factors provides a basis for preventing KPIs, which, in turn, may improve the prognosis of LT recipients.
