Role of nanotopography in the development of tissue engineered 3D organs and tissues using mesenchymal stem cells

Figure 7 The effect of nano-patterned surfaces on the expression of cartilaginous genes. Real time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyse mRNA expression levels of cartilaginous genes at week 2, 4 or 6 of chondrogenic differentiation, which was normalised to their respective glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase expression and expressed as fold changes relative to undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells. n = 3 per group, mean ± SD. ^aP < 0.05 which was considered statistically significant compared to non-patterned surface[55].