Progenitor cells as remote "bioreactors": Neuroprotection via modulation of the systemic inflammatory response

Figure 1 Elevated intracerebral cytokines identified in specific areas and at specific time points relative to the traumatic brain injury. The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1α (A), IL-1β (B), IL-6 (C), and tumor necrosis factor-α (D) were significantly elevated 6 h after CCI in the injury and penumbral regions when compared with sham animals (^bP < 0.01 for all). IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6 remained elevated through 12, 12 and 24 h, respectively (^bP < 0.01 or ^aP < 0.05). In the frontal area, IL-6 was significantly increased at 24 h (33- to 50-fold; P < 0.01; Dunnett's test), but not at 6 or 12 h after traumatic brain injury. Reproduced with permission[22].