Regulatory role of sphingosine kinase and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor signaling in progenitor/stem cells

Figure 1 Diversion of myogenic stimulation at the S1P2 receptor level (hypothetical scheme). Activation of S1P2 receptor signaling results in dual effects in muscle progenitor cells: Erk1/2 mediates inhibition of serum-induced proliferation, while p38MAPK[78,79], phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)[72] and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)-dependent pathways[82] are required for S1P-trigerred activation of myogenic differentiation. The role of RhoA signaling is unclear. Question marks indicate unclear signaling regulation. S1P: Sphingosine-1-phosphate.