Long noncoding RNAs in hepatitis B virus replication and oncogenesis

Figure 1 Long noncoding RNAs involved in the lifecycle of the hepatitis B virus. Highly upregulated in liver cancer, HAT1, PCNAP1, and DLEU2 could enhance hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication[9,11,13]. LncRNA AP00253[18] and HOX transcript antisense RNA[10] promote, while HOXA transcript at the distal tip[19] inhibits, HBV transcription. HBV X protein-long interspersed nuclear elements 1 promotes HBV replication by suppressing miR-122, a miRNA directly targeting the HBV pgRNA sequence[16]. HULC: Highly upregulated in liver cancer; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HBx: HBV X protein; LINE: Long interspersed nuclear elements; HOTTIP: HOXA transcript at the distal tip; HOTAIR: HOX transcript antisense RNA.