Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibition reduces succinate levels in diabetic mice

Figure 3 The diabetic retinopathy pathogenic metabolite, succinate, is downregulated with sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibition in Akimba mice. A: Serum succinate levels in Akimba mice treated with dapapagliflozin; B: Serum succinate levels in Akimba mice treated with empagliflozin; C: Serum levels of the beneficial short chain fatty acid, butyric acid, are elevated in diabetic Akita mice with sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibition. n = 3-7 mice/group for all groups except for control Akimba (Figure 3B) where n = 2; ^aP < 0.03; Data represented as mean ± SE.